Electronic commerce

Ross Anderson and Markus Kuhn. Tamper Resistance - A Cautionary Note , 1996 USENIX Electronic Commerce Workshop, pp. 1-11, Oakland, California, November 1996. 220... 

Electronic and digital signatures are addressed in Europe in a directive that describes what is considered a suitable substitute for traditional handwritten signatures. The directive is not specific for the pharmaceutical industry, but was intended mainly to regulate electronic commerce between companies and the correspondence between industry and authorities or between authorities. Therefore not all concepts and requirements presented apply in the same manner to the signatures used within a company for internal documentation where other security mechanisms as to the identity and accountability of employees exist. 

Where electronic commerce (e-commerce) is used, defined procedures and adequate systems should be in place to ensure traceability and confidence in the quality of pharmaceutical products. 

Schoop, M. Business Communication in Electronic Commerce. Habihtation Thesis, RWTH Aachen University (2003)... 

Kalakota, R. and Whinston, A. B. (Eds.). (1997). Readings in Electronic Commerce. Reading, MA Addison-Wesley. 

Westland, C. J. and Clark, T. H. K. (1999). Global Electronic Commerce Theory and Case Studies, Cambridge, MA MIT Press. 

MRP 11/ERP systems enable paperless operation within a facility and with supply chain partners (suppliers and customers). System integration standards such as EDI bring the possibility of transferring business information automatically between systems in a very secure manner, which not only replaces paper but also makes many manual operations obsolete. In combination with Web interfaces on the Internet to enable customers and suppliers to enter data directly into the business systems, the whole issue of electronic commerce with its huge implication on business processes within a company becomes an area with many important implications for paperless operation. 

Information technology, providing refinements of computer technologies to optimize the possibilities of electronic commerce... 

More broadly, transorganizational ISs form a major element of most organizations electronic commerce initiatives. The Internet and the World Wide Web have been tremendous facilitators of... 

Holsapple, C., and Singh, M. (2000), Electronic Commerce Definitional Taxonomy, Integration, and a Knowledge Management Link, Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, Vol. 10, No. 3. 

Unlike applications based on electronic data interchange (EDI) and other previous uses of computer networks, the Internet has brought integration and versatility to existing computer and network technologies to the extent that firms and consumers are said to be in a virtual economic arena. A variety of commercial and economic activities faU within the realm of electronic commerce as long as they are carried out in the electronic marketplace. In this chapter, we present an overview of business and industrial applications of the Internet technologies. 

Rather than adhering to the traditional linear flow, the new digiteil economy wUl reward those that are flexible enough to use inputs from their partners regardless of where they are in the linear process of manufacturing. In fact, the linear value chain has become a veilue web where each and every economic entity is connected to everyone else and where they may often function in a parallel or overlapping fashion. Electronic commerce then becomes an essential business tool to survive and compete in the new economy. 

The business use of the Internet and electronic commerce enables online firms to reap the benefits of EDI at lower cost. The ultimate fast-response distribution system is instantaneous online delivery, a goal that a few e-businesses in select industries have already achieved. By their very nature, on-demand Internet audio and video services have no delay in reaching customers. In these examples, the efficiency stems from highly automated and integrated distribution mechanisms rather than from the elimination of distribution channels as in more traditional industries. 

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