Combustion plants, emissions from

Considering the composition of petroleum and petroleum products (Speight, 1994, 1999), it is not surprising that petroleum and petroleum-derived chemicals are environmental pollutants (Loeher, 1992 Olschewsky and Megna, 1992). The world s economy is highly dependent on petroleum for energy production, and widespread use has led to enormous releases to the environment of petroleum, petroleum products, exhaust from internal combustion engines, emissions from oil-fired power plants, and industrial emissions where fuel oil is employed. 

The size consistency of the coal being dried and the velocity of the gases through the bed are the major factors determining the air pollution potential of the plant. Emissions from dryers in coal-cleaning plants consist mainly of entrained coal fines and VOCs released from the coal, in addition to the standard combustion products [69]. A typical composition of the combustion products emitted from dryers is shown in Table 53.14. Sulfur oxides vary with the sulfur content of the coal, while the other emissions are a function of the burner design and excess air. Total emissions depend on the amount of energy required to dry the coal to the desired level. 

The product gas after cleanup consists of primarily CO and H2. Combustion of coal gas in high firing-temperature gas turbines converts virtually all of the CO to CO2, and gas turbine exhaust is expected to contain no more than 10 ppm CO when operating at design conditions. Carbon monoxide emissions from a CGCC plant are thus expected to be around one-tenth those of a modem coal-fired plant equipped with low NO burners. 

Sets out ancillary controls related to air pollution control including regulation of smoke, grit, dust and fume emissions from non-prescnbed mdustnal processes provision of a lower level of control over some smaller combustion plants not covered by IPC or LAAPC prohibition of the emission of dark smoke from any chimney or industrial premises. 

EC Directives on emissions from large combustion plant 19/292... 

UK legislation referring to emissions from gas-fired plant is currently rather limited. The most important is The Health and Safety (Emissions into the Atmosphere) Regulations 1983 (SI No. 943, 1983). In Schedule 2 is listed substances deemed to be noxious, which include combustion products, dust, etc. 

The largest volume of atmospheric emissions from process plants occurs from combustion producing gaseous emissions. Such emissions are created from ... 

FGD is used to control S02 emissions from coal and oil combustion from electric utilities and industrial sources. Impingement scrubbers are one wet scrubber configuration used to bring exhaust gases into contact with a sorbent designed to remove the S02. On occasion, wet scrubbers have been applied to S02 emissions from processes in the primary non-ferrous metals industries (e.g., copper, lead, and aluminum), but sulfuric acid or elemental sulfur plants are more popular control devices for controlling the high S02 concentrations associated with these processes. 

Thermal reactions leading to the PCDD/F emissions are connected with technological and domestic combustion. PCDD/Fs were found in the emissions of the various combustion processes independently from the fuel municipal and hazardous waste incinerators, power plants with fossil fuels, automobile exhaust, private heating and fire places, wood and forest fires,... 

Recent studies have addressed the combustion of natural gas with pure oxygen, highly diluted with exhaust gases (CO2 and H2O) in order to mitigate both NO and CO2 emissions from power plants. The so-called oxy-fuel combustion includes an air separation unit, which delivers O2 to the catalytic stage, where it is mixed with natural gas and the exhaust recycle stream. An example is the Advanced Zero Emission GT, first jointly studied by Norsk Hydro and ABB Alstom Power [28-31]. 

Control of sulfur dioxide emissions from stationary sources (such as power plants) usually takes one of three forms fuel cleaning, also known as fuel beneficiation removal of sulfur during combustion or flue gas processing. 

The use of EF values allows us to set limits on possible sources of elements. In Figure 1, EF values for six cities are compared with the ranges for particles from nine coal-fired power plants. For llthophlle elements such as SI, Tl, Th, K, Mg, Fe and many others not shown, E values are close to unity as expected, as these elements have mainly crustal sources, l.e., entrained soil and the aluminosilicate portion of emissions from coal combustion (see Table I). Many other elements are strongly enriched In some or all cities, and, to account for them, we must find sources whose particles have large values for those elements. Some are fairly obvious from the above discussions Pb from motor vehicles, Na from sea salt In coastal cities, and V and, possibly, N1 from oil In cities where residual oil Is used In large amounts (Boston, Portland, Washington). 

Ondov, J. M. Blermann, A. H. "Elemental Composition of Atmospheric Fine Particle Emissions from Coal-Combustion In a Modern Utility Electric Power Plant", This Symposium. 

Simoneit, B. R. T., W. F. Rogge, M. A. Mazurek, L. J. Standley, L. M. Hildemann, and G. R. Cass, Lignin Pyrolysis Products, Lignans, and Resin Acids as Specific Tracers of Plant Classes in Emissions from Biomass Combustion, Environ. Sci, Technoi, 27, 2533-2541 (1993). 

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