Combustion and explosion

Dust Filter. The cloth or bag dust filter is the oldest and often the most reHable of the many methods for removing dusts from an air stream. Among their advantages are high (often 99+%) collection efficiency, moderate pressure drop and power consumption, recovery of the dust in a dry and often reusable form, and no water to saturate the exhaust gases as when a wet scmbber is used. There are also numerous disadvantages maintenance for bag replacement can be expensive as well as a sometimes unpleasant task these filters are suitable only for low to moderate temperature use they cannot be used where Hquid condensation may occur they may be hazardous with combustible and explosive dusts and they are bulky, requiring considerable installation space. 

L. N. Khitrin, Physics of Combustion and Explosion, University of Moscow Press, CIS 1957, trans. Israel Scientific Translations Program, Office of Technical Services, OTS 61-31205, U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1962. 

Flammability and Explosivity. Ozone is endothermic, thus it can bum or detonate by itself and represents the simplest combustible and explosive system. The concentration threshold for spark-initiated explosion ofHquid ozone in oxygen at —183° is 18.6 mol % O the concentration limit... 

Al tshuler, L.V., Equations of State and Structure of Compressed and Heated Bodies, presented at the Second All-Union Symposium on Combustion and Explosion, Erevan, October 25-30, 1969. 

Breusov, O.N., Physical-Chemical Transformation of Inorganic Materials Under Shock Waves, in Proceedings, Second All-Union Symposium on Combustion and Explosion (edited by Stesik, L.N.), Chernogolovka, 1971, pp. 289-293, Translation, Sandia National Laboratories Report No. RS3144/79/43. 

Chapter 4 presents an overview of combustion and explosion phenomena as diis is vital to die nnderstanding of die condidons under which a DBA must fnncdon. 

Turbulence may arise by two mechanisms. First, it may result either from a violent release of fuel from under high pressure in a jet or from explosive dispersion from a ruptured vessel. The maximum overpressures observed experimentally in jet combustion and explosively dispersed clouds have been relatively low (lower than 1(X) mbar). Second, turbulence can be generated by the gas flow caused by the combustion process itself an interacting with the boundary conditions. 

Fundamental research in pyrotechnics is published in the US in Combustion and Flame by the Combustion Institute, and in the UK in Combustion Science and Technology and in Fuel . Germany has the new, journal, Propellants and Explosives (German Chemical Society), which is the successor to the discontinued Explosivstoffe . A necessary caveat is that these journals are strongly oriented toward combustion or propulsion so that only rarely do they yield pyrotechnic information. Likewise, the various publications of the learned societies contain much data on thermodynamics, spectroscopy, and instrumental analysis which are useful in the study of pyrotechnics. In the USSR the situation is somewhat better as Physics of Combustion and Explosion (Fizika Gorenia i Vzryva) of the Siberian Branch Academy of Sciences USSR is exclusively oriented toward subjects of interest, as several scientific institutes are primarily devoted to research in pyrotechnics. The same authors do publish also, however, in the journals of the Academy of Science USSR (of which there are several) as well as in the corresponding journals of the academies of the various republics, so that the impression is created of a high level of activity... 

Zel dovich YaB, Barenblatt Gl, Librovich VB, Maxhviladse GM (1985) Mathematical theory of combustion and explosion. Plenum, New York... 

Ya.B. Zel dovich, G.I. Barenblatt, V.B. Librovich, andG.M. Makhviladze. The Mathematical Theory of Combustion and Explosions. Plenum, New York, 1985. 

Zel dovich, Ya.B., Barenblatt, G.I., Librovich, V.B., and Makhviladze, G.M., The Mathematical Theory of Combustion and Explosion, Nauka Publishing House, Moscow, 1980. 

ZeTdovich Ya.B., Theory of limits of propagation of slow flames (in Russian), Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, 11(1), 159-169,1941 Reprinted in Collected Works of Ya.B. ZeTdovich, Nauka, Moscow 1984, 233-246, and the book Theory of Combustion and Explosion, Nauka, Moscow 1981, 271-288. 

Combustion and explosion hazards of the powdered alloy used in batteries were studied. Increase in silver content leads to higher values of the ignition temperature and COI [1,2],... 

It is a combustible and explosive salt which is very friction-sensitive [1], and may explode spontaneously [2]. 

Energy of explosion. The energy of explosion values given in Table 16.2 should be considered as the theoretical maxima, and yield factors of 10% are considered reasonable for fuel-air explosions. For equivalent volume storage, hydrogen has the least theoretical explosive potential of the three fuels considered, albeit it has the highest heat of combustion and explosive potential on a mass basis. 

Combustible (and explosive) gaseous mixtures consist of gases serving as "fuels (such as H2, H2S, CO, CS2, CH4, C2H2,... 

The ingredients of combustible (or explosive) mixts should contain fuels (gases, liquids or dusts) within certain limits of concentration, known as "lower and "upper combustion (and explosion) limits... 

D) V.E. Ditsent K.I. Shchelkin, ZhFizKhim 19, 21(1949) (Rapid combustion of gases in rough pipes) E) L.N. Khitrin, "Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva (Physics of Combustion and Explosion , Izdat MGU, Moscow (1957)... 

Title of Journal which is a translation from Russian. It is published by The Faraday Press, Inc, NY, 10011. In Vol 1, pp 3-4 (Jan-March 1965) there is an article by M.A. Lavrent ev, entitled Future Developments in the Field of Combustion and Explosion . 

The unified approach adopted by Ma ek assumed that all initiations are ultimately thermal. More precisely every initiating stimulus (shock, impact, electric discharge, friction, etc) serves to heat up the explosive or a portion thereof, initially at a temperature T to an elevated temperature T. It is assumed that T and the length of time t the explosive is exposed to T are the two variables sufficient to account for initiation. The 3rd factor influencing the reaction rate, density p, is important in gaseous combustions and explosions where it varies considerably with temperature and pressure in homogeneous solids and liquids it is nearly constant... 

Thermal, Combustion and Explosion Properties. Ign temperatures of 85% hydrazine hydrate in pyrex and air was found to be 292°C. Oxygen lowered the ignition point to 218°C. On platinum foil an air atmosphere gave an ignition... 

Development of Combustion and Explosion in Liquids and Solids". Title of a paper by F.P. Bowden in the 4th Symposium on Combustion, Williams Wilkins, Baltimore (1953), pp 161-72 (41 references)... 

Y.B. Zeldovich. The Oxidation of Nitrogen in Combustion and Explosions. Acta Physicochim., 21 577,1946. 

BERNARD LEWIS and GUENTHER VON ELBE Combustion and Explosives Research, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

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