Combination efficiency ratios

The ratio of the ionic liquid to the organic phase present in the reactor also plays an important role. A too high level of ionic liquid results in much longer decantation time and causes lower dimer selectivity. To combine efficient decantation and a reasonable size for the settler in the process design, it has been proposed that the separation of the two phases be performed in two distinct settling zones arranged in parallel [38]. 

A technology called the Ethoxene process was developed by Union Carbide for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane.165 Under the relatively mild conditions applied (300-400°C, 1-40 atm) cracking is minimal and the only byproduct is acetic acid. The combined efficiency to ethylene and acetic acid is about 90% with an ethylene acetic acid ratio of 10. 

It was the purpose of this study to eliminate, as much as possible, nutritional factors from the treatment diets. It was necessary, therefore, to design the diets so as to contain sufficient levels of brown protein, yet at the same time keep the protein quality relatively high. Protein Efficiency Ratios were determined for the three types of protein at intervals from 0 to 1+0 days of browning under the conditions described earlier. PER s were then run on various combinations of the 1+0-day browned proteins and non-browned protein. It was determined that a diet could be formulated that would contain no less than 3% 1+0-day browned protein and still result in a PER of no lower than 2.0. 

As stated, a medium mechanical pump can only have speeds of 11.7-25 liters/ sec. However, a comparable-sized diffusion pump can achieve speeds of up to 30 liters/sec, but with 2-3 times the vacuum capacity. It is easy to see why the assistance of an auxiliary pump is required to effectively obtain vacuums beyond 10 4 torr, such as those in the high or even ultrahigh-vacuum range. Although it is possible to obtain larger and faster mechanical pumps, the cost/efficiency ratio starts to go down and it becomes less expensive to use a mechanical/diffusion pump combination. For more information on pumping speeds, see page 347. 

Typically, polymers of these acrylic and methacryUc esters are produced as copolymers with other acrylic and vinyl monomers. For example, acrylonitrile is often added to impart additional water and solvent resistance. Other features that can be improved include abrasion resistance, adhesion, elasticity, flexibility and film hardness. Enhanced durability to laundering can be achieved by incorporating reactive, especially crosslinking, monomers such as A -methylol acrylamide, hydroxyethyl acrylate, acrylamide, acrylic and methacrylic acid. Optimisation of polymer properties with the large variety of available monomers leads to near endless combinations of copolymers that are limited only by the imagination of the chemist and by the reality of the cost-efficiency ratio. 

In ground-state chemistry, the measurement of reaction kinetics often provides the rate constant of the process studied directly, because a single reaction dominates. Photoreactions, on the other hand, always compete with photophysical processes, as outlined in Section 2.1.1. In Section 3.7.4, we showed that the efficiency of a specified single-step, first-order process x starting from a reactant or excited state A is equal to the partition ratio rjx, the rate constant kx of the process considered divided by the sum of the rate constants of all processes competing for the depletion the reactant A, r x = kx/Zk, (Equation 3.7). The combined efficiencies of all pathways starting from a given reactant... 

For high-density polyethylene (HDPE), linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), and PP combinations of phenolic antioxidants and phosphites lead to a synergistic protection of the polymer. For HDPE and LLDPE an increased amount of phosphite provided increased processing stability at constant phenol concentration. A 4 1 ratio of phosphite to phenol exhibited the best performance, while the most efficient ratio for protecting melt flow of the PP was found when a 2 1 ratio of phosphite to phenol was added [167], According to Parrondo molecular weight changes can best be reduced with phenolic antioxidants, while phosphites prevent discoloration [168]. 

From the relationship of the flow ratio to the efficiency ratio, it is established that the flow ratio for this efficiency ratio is 5.3 indicating that an increase of less than 20 per cent in flow through the mainstage is required to achieve the operation of this system with the vented tank. This particular example shows the importance of the concept of the jet pump-centrifugal pump combination when specifications of the type herein considered are encountered. 

A 165-MW-class gas turbine/generator has been introduced by another manufacturer. This machine, also developed by scaling up a proven design, features a simple-cycle efficiency of 37.5% a turbine inlet temperature of 1235°C a pressure ratio of 30 1, up from 16 1 on the previous generation and an output of 165 MW for gas fuel firing under International Standards Organization (ISO) conditions (101 kPa, 15°C (14.7 psia, 59°F)). A combined-cycle facihty based around this machine could achieve efficiencies up to 58% or a heat rate of about 6209 kj/kWh (5885 Btu/kWh). 

Flotation. Flotation (qv) is used alone or in combination with washing and cleaning to deink office paper and mixtures of old newsprint and old magazines (26). An effective flotation process must fulfill four functions. (/) The process must efficiently entrain air. Air bubble diameter is about 1000 p.m. Typically air bubbles occupy 25—60% of the flotation cell volume. Increa sing the airRquid ratio in the flotation cell is said to improve ink removal efficiency (27). (2) Ink must attach to air bubbles. This is primarily a function of surfactant chemistry. Air bubbles must have sufficient residence time in the cell for ink attachment to occur. (3) There must be minimal trapping of cellulose fibers in the froth layer. This depends on both cell design and surfactant chemistry. (4) The froth layer must be separated from the pulp slurry before too many air bubbles coUapse and return ink particles to the pulp slurry. 

This cycle produces an increase of 30% in work output, but the overall efficiency is slightly decreased as seen in Figure 2-15. An intercooling regenerative cycle can increase the power output and the thermal efficiency. This combination provides an increase in efficiency of about 12% and an increase in power output of about 30%, as indicated in Figure 2-16. Maximum efficiency, however, occurs at lower pressure ratios, as compared with the simple or reheat cycles. 

While ricn common, engine-driven centrifugal compressors are used. This combination is desirable for low-ratio applications and in fuel cost situations where the high engine efficiency is attractive. The difference in rotating speeds (engine 300-600 rpm, compressor 3,000-5,000 rpm -t-) requires the use of a speed increaser. 

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