Color complementation

The availability of precursor IPP may ultimately be most influential over accumulation of carotenoid metabolites. While over-expression of DXS and DXR in color complementation systems leads to hyperaccumulation of carotenoids (discussed in Section 5.3.3.3), over-expression of plant Dxs genes has not always been effective. Over-expression of DXS resulted in increased carotenoid accumulation in transgenic tomato and Arabidopsis, but over-expression of daffodil DXS in rice endosperm did not increase pigment accumulation. ... 

In maize, many phenotypic mutants have been associated with cloned genes by a combination of HPLC analysis of specific intermediate metabolite accumulation, RT-PCR and immunolocalization of candidate genes, and recombinant inbred mapping of candidate cDNAs. Psyl was cloned by transposon tagging and later shown to be functional in the color complementation system and to be the specific... 

Chehab, F.F., and Kan, Y.W. (1989) Detection of specific DNA sequences by fluorescence amplification A color complementation assay. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 9178. 

Fig. 5. Strategy for color complementation assay detection of point mutations. A cytidine-to-thymidine mutation is illustrated in the example. Two allele-specific primers corresponding to this region are labeled with red dye (corresponding to the wild-type allele) or green dye (mutant allele). The primer amplifying the opposite strand is unlabeled. After PCR and removal of unincorporated primers, the amplified products for normal, heterozygous, and homozygous DNA are ted, yellow, and green, respectively. Reprinted with the permission of Chehab and Kan (C2) and the Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL (USA.).

Color Complementation for Functional Testing of Biosynthetic Enzymes. 95... 

When a spectrophotometer is not available to aid in filter selection, a filter can be chosen by remembering that the color of the light absorbed is the complement of the color of the solution itself. A solution appears red, for example, because it transmits the red portion of the spectrum but absorbs the green. It is the intensity of radiation in the green that varies with concentration. Hence, a green filter should be used. In general, the most suitable filter will be the color complement of the solution being analyzed. 

Kompensationsfarbe, /. complementary color. kompensieren, v.t. compensate, komplementar, a. complementary. Komplementarfarbe, /, complementary color. Komplement-bindung, -fixierung, /. complement fixation, -winkel, m. complementary angle. 

Benzoyl leuco Methylene Blue (1), which is a phenothiazine leuco dye, has been known since 1900. The material was developed to extend the range of hues and colors obtainable in such applications as pressure-sensitive carbonless paper and to complement other classes of leuco dyes such as triarylmethanes, crystal violet lactone, and fluorans. Benzoyl leuco Basic Blue 3 (2), which is a phenoxazine leuco dye, is a more recent development. 

In Chapters 3-6, the commercially important chemical classes of dyes and pigments are discussed in terms of their essential structural features and the principles of their synthesis. The reader will encounter further examples of these individual chemical classes of colorants throughout Chapters 7 10 which, as a complement to the content of the earlier chapters, deal with the chemistry of their application. Chapters 7, 8 and 10 are concerned essentially with the application of dyes, whereas Chapter 9 is devoted to pigments. The distinction between these two types of colorants has been made previously in Chapter 2. Dyes are used in the coloration of a wide range of substrates, including paper, leather and plastics, but by far their most important outlet is on textiles. Textile materials are used in a wide variety of products, including clothing of all types, curtains, upholstery and carpets. This chapter deals with the chemical principles of the main application classes of dyes that may be applied to textile fibres, except for reactive dyes, which are dealt with exclusively in Chapter 8. 

Kashiwazaki67 has fabricated a complementary ECD using plasma-polymerized ytterbium bis(phthalocyanine) (pp—Yb(Pc)2) and PB films on ITO with an aqueous solution of 4M KC1 as electrolyte. Blue-to-green electrochromicity was achieved in a two-electrode cell by complementing the green-to-blue color transition (on reduction) of the pp—Yb(Pc)2 film with the blue (PB)-to-colorless (PW) transition (oxidation) of the PB. A three-color display (blue, green, and red) was fabricated in a three-electrode cell in which a third electrode (ITO) was electrically connected to the PB electrode. A reduction reaction at the third electrode, as an additional counter electrode, provides adequate oxidation of the pp Yb(Pc)2 electrode, resulting in the red coloration of the pp—Yb(Pc)2 film. 

Other applications dealt with the development of a luciferin ester substrate to measure the luciferase activity in living cells [141], the detection of toxic compounds such as sodium azide, fluoroacetic acid, and antibiotics [142], the development of a biosensor for the determination of bioavailable mercury [143], the use of eukaryotic luciferases as bacterial markers with different colors of luminescence [144], the determination of complement-mediated killing of bacteria [145], and the development of a bioassay for the determination of HIV type 1 virus and HIV-1 Tat protein activity, valuable also for analysis of HlV-inhibi-tory agents [146],... 

Consequently, proteins with this GPI anchor are diminished or absent, two of which are crucial in protecting blood cells from inappropriate complement destruction. Without these two protective proteins, PNH red blood cells, in particular, are easily burst by complement, resulting in low red blood cell count (anemia), fatigue, bouts of dark colored urine, and various other complications. 

Hydrox5rpyranones and hydroxypyridinones give a range of colors, from orange through red to violet, with iron(III)-containing solutions (27). Early applications of the use of kojic acid for the colorimetric determination of iron (280), e.g., in iron ores (281), followed and complemented the recommendation, in 1930, that iron(III) be used for the determination of kojic acid - iron(III) was later used for the colorimetric determination of mimosine (282). Other early colorimetric analyses included methods developed for the determination of... 

This procedure, which complements other methods for distinguishing apoptotic and necrotic cell death, employs annexin V-PE as a marker for early apoptotic cells, and 7-AAD for late apoptotic or necrotic cells. Although other versions of this assay have used annexin V-fluorescein together with PI, that combination precludes the use of a third fluorescence color to measure an additional parameter, such as a phenotypic marker, because PI, unlike 7-AAD, has a broad emission spectrum that includes both orange and red fluorescence. 

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