Collective strategy development

Because of the emphasis on modeling accident causation, data collection systems based on the system-induced error approach are likely to modify their data collection strategies over time. Thus, as evidence accumulates that the existing causal categories are inadequate to accoimt for the accidents and near misses that are reported, the data collection philosophy will be modified, and a new accident causation model developed. This, in turn, will be modified on the basis of subsequent evidence. 

Detailed design can proceed when the above items have been considered and agreement has been reached on those important to the study. At this point, the roles and responsibilities of study personnel can be defined, development of commodity collection strategies can proceed, and consideration of measurement and reporting methods can begin. 

While some prospective data collection is required for almost all pharmacoeconomic studies, the amount of data to be collected for the pharmacoeconomic evaluation is still the subject of much debate. There is no definitive means of addressing this issue at present. Phase II studies can be used to develop data that will help determine which resource consumption items are essential for the economic evaluation. Without this opportunity for prior data collection, however, we must rely upon expert opinion to suggest major resource consumption items that should be monitored within the study. Duplicate data collection strategies (prospective evaluation of resource consumption within the study s case report form with retrospective assessment of resource consumption from hospital bills) can be used to ensure that data collection strategies do not miss critical data elements. 

He presented the Committee with information on the new structure of the Department as a result of changes in December 2004 and January 2005. Activities and operations were in line with the four-year Medicines Strategy, development and promotion of standards, international treaties, the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and the WHO Model Formulary, collection of evidence for medicines policies (including national medicines policies, access to and rational use of medicines and adherence to treatment), and promotion of consistency in pharmaceutical matters in United Nations agencies in a collaborative framework. 

A) determination of the occurrence and distribution of chemicals in Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana (particularly in the southern portion of the Lake near New Orleans) that resulted from anthropogenic activity and (B) an overall water quality assessment of the Lake to ascertain any phenomena, in particular urban runoff related water pollution, that may be adversely affecting the ecological balance of the Lake. The strategies developed to address these objectives included (1) Collection of biota and sediment samples and their analyses for a broad spectrum of chemical substances which included, but were not limited to, those designated as priority pollutants by the U.S. 

List of issues that were raised during fact gathering and strategy development. Include areas for possible benchmarking. Identify critical steps in the process. List suggestions for improvement from interviews and other data collection. 

Step 8 Develop an activity-based data collection strategy used to collect specific baseline data about the safety management system. The data collection should be focused on preloss activities that are used to reduce hazards and associated risk. 

Minnesota s Office of Environmental Assistance is developing proposed legislation for electronics product stewardship, and is collaborating with Sony Electronics, Panasonic, and the American Plastics Council to evaluate collection strategies and recycling market opportunities. 

Critical to hazard characterization is the identification of hazards and the assessment of possible worker exposure. This can be accomplished in a variety of ways. As described before, one commonly used technique is a JHA with project teams that include the worker. The information collected is used by the SSHO and the radiation control officer to develop an appropriate hazard control and protection strategy. 

The overall conclusion that can be drawn from a survey of CPI data collection systems is that the better systems do attempt to address the causes of human error. However, because of the lack of knowledge about the factors which influence errors, the causal information that is collected may not be very useful in developing remedial strategies. General information in areas such as severity, work control aspects and the technical details of the incident will be required in all data collection systems. However, in almost all cases a structured process for causal analysis is lacking. Some of the requirements for causal analysis are set out in the following sections. 

Three major themes have been emphasized in this chapter. The first is that an effective data collection system is one of the most powerful tools available to minimize human error. Second, data collection systems must adequately address underlying causes. Merely tabulating accidents in terms of their surface similarities, or using inadequate causal descriptions such as "process worker failed to follow procedures" is not sufficient to develop effective remedial strategies. Finally, a successful data collection and incident investigation system requires an enlightened, systems oriented view of human error to be held by management, and participation and commitment from the workforce. 

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