Accidents causation models

The system-induced error approach can be restated in an alternative form as an accident causation model (see Figure 1.4). This shows how error-inducing conditions in the form of inadequate PIFs interact with error tendencies to... 

FIGURE 6.2. Accident Causation Model (From Chapter 2). 

Because of the emphasis on modeling accident causation, data collection systems based on the system-induced error approach are likely to modify their data collection strategies over time. Thus, as evidence accumulates that the existing causal categories are inadequate to accoimt for the accidents and near misses that are reported, the data collection philosophy will be modified, and a new accident causation model developed. This, in turn, will be modified on the basis of subsequent evidence. 

In this section, a real case is presented so that the accident causation model can be applied to identify the root cause of the errors (BBC News, 1999a-g). 

When we apply the accident causation model, the following key root causes will be identified. 

The emphasis given in his accident causation model, called the accident sequence, to the faults of persons and to ancestry and environment, which identified the traits of individuals as the principal causative elements (Citation 7)... 

Accident models and accident causation models involve two different areas of endeavor. The point is subtle, but in my view it is absolutely imperative to recognize the difference. Causation models purport to present cause and effects without identifying the phenomenon no beginning and end of the phenomenon is indicated. Accident models on the other hand, deal descriptively with accidents as a process that has a beginning and an end, and the elements of that process. Please help me keep my models in the latter arena when quoting any of my work to ensure that it is not thrown into the causation model arena inadvertently. 

Several authors have recognized, with some fmstration, the absence of and a serious need for a generally accepted accident causation model. Robert E. McClay addressed the subject in his paper titled Toward a More Universal Model of Loss Incident Causation ... 

All of the above assume the accident will occur. The safety practitioner can use accident causation models to pinpoint hazards in the occupational environment. Systematic, proactive hazard identification will assist the practitioner in establishing loss control strategies and determining the cost-benefits of the controls to be implemented. 

As we enter a new millennium, behaviour and accident causation models from the 1930s remain with us. Age does not necessarily destroy their value. Some organizations, including Dupont, embrace these concepts and apply behaviour-based safety . Krause and Hidley in California (see Fmther Reading) have also strongfy espoused them. Others shun the idea based on evidence suggesting failure, and a growth in alienation between workers, employers and imions. 

An important part of aity safety strategy is the provision of an effective accident investigation methodology. For accident investigation to be meaningful, selecting the appropriate accident causation model is essential. 

In 1986, Frank Bird and George Germain [1] used Heinrich s [4] model to develop another accident causation model (Figure 12-8). This model used the same domino theory to show its key concepts of loss control. 

This distinction between facts and interpretations is not always made in the causal sequence models of accidents. Such linear accident causation models as the ILCI model do not make a clear distinction between observable facts and conditions on the one hand and opinions about effects of personal and... 

Consequently, the application of accident causation models in safety practice is a means of controlling the filtering and organization of data about accident risks and of selecting appropriate measures to improve safety. We present some of the most influential frameworks and models, discussing in detail a human factors approach that highlights the significance of incidents and accidents, respectively. 

Why Do Accidents Happen A Critical Review on the Evolution of the Construction Accident Causation Models... 

Fig. 2.3 Accident causation models, distribution of year of construction ftn- the 50 taiiest buildings in the world, procurement method and technology Timeline (Toole 2002 Zhu et aL 2010 Rowlinson 1997 Kim and Rhee 2009)...

Acknowledgments This chapter is a revised version of the paper The evolution of construction accident causation models , presented in CIB Congress 2010, 10-14 May, 2010, Manchester. The authors would like to thank CIB for granting the right to republish. 

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