Collection systems costs

Because of large equipment and land requirements, capital costs for wastewater-treatment plants are high. A collection system that conveys both sanitary and storm flows must be designed to deal with high peak flows at the treatment plant detention basins are usually provided in order to smooth the flow into the plant and reduce the sudden peak flow. In the absence of such precautions, it may be necessary to by-pass a portion of the flow. 

The first stage toward producing an accurate estimate is to use a standard cost code for all construction projects. Table 9-45 shows a suitable numerical cost code, and Table 9-46 shows a typical alphabetical-numerical code. The cost-code system can be used throughout the estimating and construction stages for the collection of cost data by manual or computer methods. There are numerous types of fixed-capital-cost estimates, but in 1958 the American Association of Cost Engineers defined five types as follows ... 

Information on collection, one of the most costly functional elements, is presented in four parts deahng with (1) the types of collection services, (2) the types of collection systems, (3) an analysis of collection systems, and (4) the general methodology involved in setting up col-lec tion routes. 

Three of the disadvantages of ESPs are as follows (1) the initial cost is the highest of any particulate collection system, (2) a large amount of space is required for the installation, and (3) ESPs are not suitable for combustible particles such as grain or wood dust. 

As an alternative means of protection, it is economical in some cases to specify an increased equipment design pressure which will withstand the maximum pressure that can be generated, without reheving any contained fluids. Also, in some cases, the cost of the collection system can be reduced by specifying higher design pressures which will permit a higher back pressure in the collection system. 

It is of prime importance to keep air and gas leakage from ductwork at a minimum, as it represents increased fan running cost and the waste of treated air. Leakage into extract ductwork reduces the efficiency of the collection system. 

Don t allocate funds for managing the quality system without providing a means of collecting the costs or time spent. 

The flows of wastewater originating from the water supply of a community and runoff from precipitation on urban surfaces are typically collected and conveyed for treatment and disposal. The system used for this purpose is called a sewer network or a collection system that consists of individual pipes (sewer lines) and a number of installations, such as inlet structures and pumps, to facilitate collection and transport. The efficient, safe and cost-effective collection and transport of wastewater and urban runoff have been identified as key criteria to be observed. In this context, the word safe means that public health, welfare and environmental protection have high priority. The demand for solutions toward more sustainable water management in the cities is a new challenge. 

Detonation arresters are typically used in conjunction with other measures to decrease the risk of flame propagation. For example, in vapor control systems the vapor is often enriched, diluted, or inerted, with appropriate instrumentation and control [5]. In cases where ignition sources are present or predictable (such as most vapor destruct systems), the detonation arrester is used as a last-resort method anticipating possible failure of vapor composition control. Where vent collection systems have several vapor/oxidant sources, stream compositions can be highly variable and this can be additionally complicated when upset conditions are considered. It is often cost-effective to perform hazard analyses such as HAZOP or fault... 

Contaminated wastewater collection systems designed so that common contaminant streams can be segregated and treated in minor quantities for improved efficiencies and reduced treatment costs. 

Many specific and highly sensitive fluorometric and electrochemical detection methods for various analytes are available. The combination of such detection schemes with a DS-based collection system provides a combination of sensitive and affordable instrumentation for atmospheric measurements. A step-by-step construction and operation manual for a DS-based fluorometric H202 analyzer is available (94). With a change in the reagents, the calibration source, and the conditions of the fluorometric measurement, such an instrument is readily reconfigured for a different analyte. The 1992 fabrication cost of a complete DS instrument that utilizes fluorometric detection and includes a thermostated calibration source from commercially available components is approximately 12,000. 

Rationalization of the collection system by the municipality may reduce the cost a little, but the most important way of reducing collection cost is to develop an innovative... 

Automatix produces automated image analysis packages comprising data collection, spreadsheet analysis and charting to be used with the Macintosh computer. This has been used, in conjunction with ancillary equipment, to produce a computer digital analysis system [137] for around 4,000 [138]. Later, a more sophisticated system, costing around 20,000, was described for digital examination of film. 

Acidulation is one of the least desirable processes in the integrated facility. Not only is the process rather difficult to perform effectively, but it generally represents a cost without significant return. Figure 16 depicts a typical acidulation system based on gravity separation. The separations can be performed in either a continuous or batch operation. In operation, soapstock, discharge streams from tank farm collection systems, and other waste streams enter a equalization or holding tank. The facility may or may not add additional caustic at this point to saponify the... 

Development of a 200 kg/hr pyrolysis plant The pyrolysis process includes the biomass feeding section, the pyrolysis reactor and the liquid collection system. Various tests are discussed, demonstrating the technical feasibility of the process. For example, the yields of bio-oil, char and gas are typically 70, 15 and 15 weight percent. Finally, an economic evaluation of the pyrolysis process is presented in terms of the investment and bio-oil production costs. 

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