Collaborative research, importance

However the effects are often neither significant nor important agronomically (Ryan and Ash 1999, see also Chapter 2). Like collaborative research into sheep parasites, there are many stakeholders interested in improving soil P availability. 

The themes for polymer colloids research presented in outline in the previous sections highlight the wide range of research that is necessary to take the field of polymer colloids forward in relation to industrial needs, and emphasise the importance of collaborative research across several disciplines. The principal disciplines that will be essential to advancing future research in the field of polymer colloids are shown in Figure 2. An increasing contribution from the disciplines of biochemistry and inorganic chemistry can be anticipated as newer, more specialised applications develop. 

In addition to being a solvent, a reaction and a transport medium water influences the gas transport, and in turn the redox conditions, in porous media. The distribution and movement of water obviously becomes an important factor for leaching of contaminants. Unfortunately only very limited data exists on the movement of water in roads. Studies of water movement in roads were identified as an important future research area in the large European collaborative research project ALT-MAT (ALTernative MATerials in road construction) [11]. 

Defining the context of use for novel biomarkers in man represents an important area of collaborative research interest. Understanding reference ranges for novel DILI biomarkers in preclinical species and their evaluation in diverse healthy human populations and liver disease cohorts is an important area of investigation and question to address. Further areas of research focus should also be targeted toward the generation of robust cross species bioanalytical assays that are standardized or point-of-care tests in parallel with a comprehensive understanding of cross species differences in biomaiker expression, mechanisms of release, and clearance, distribution, and kinetics. 

We are hoping that this book will introduce surgeons and engineers to the broad and endless possibiHties of collaboration. More importantly, we envision this book to be a stepping stone for surgeons to learn that the research and development process of any laboratory-created instrument and... 

In addition to transition-metal catalysis, biocatalysis and organocatalysis are very important aspects of stereoselective catalysis. Recently, dual catalysis, involving combinations of several types of catalysis, for example, transition-metal catalysis and biocatalysis, has become of interest. Multicomponent and domino reactions are desirable because of the often high atom economy and efficiency. All these aspects have been pursued within the Heidelberg Collaborative Research Network (Sonderforschungsbereich, SFB 623), though most of the effort has been devoted to transition-metal catalysis. 

Of particular importance was the abihty of remote researchers to discuss issues related to the experiment with collaborators, scientists, and technicians in the EMSL before, during and after the experiment as well as to work together to analyze the results of the experiment. These discussions depended on the availability of electronic tools such as the Electronic Laboratory Notebook and the Televiewer (both are included in PNNL s CORE2000 software package for supporting collaborative research). 

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