Cohesive blends

The physical and mechanical properties of excipients were important variables in achieving performance of the final products as well. The preferred formulation strategy for a low-dose product using dry granulation is to design a cohesive blend to... 

The acid/base interaction between the two polymers significantly increases the cohesive strength of the polymer blend at normal use temperatures but at elevated temperature the interaction can be interrupted and the polymer can still be melt processed. Other examples of basic polymers use for crosslinking include polyethylenimines, vinyl pyridine copolymers, and the like. 

Other polymers used in the PSA industry include synthetic polyisoprenes and polybutadienes, styrene-butadiene rubbers, butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbers, polychloroprenes, and some polyisobutylenes. With the exception of pure polyisobutylenes, these polymer backbones retain some unsaturation, which makes them susceptible to oxidation and UV degradation. The rubbers require compounding with tackifiers and, if desired, plasticizers or oils to make them tacky. To improve performance and to make them more processible, diene-based polymers are typically compounded with additional stabilizers, chemical crosslinkers, and solvents for coating. Emulsion polymerized styrene butadiene rubbers (SBRs) are a common basis for PSA formulation [121]. The tackified SBR PSAs show improved cohesive strength as the Mooney viscosity and percent bound styrene in the rubber increases. The peel performance typically is best with 24—40% bound styrene in the rubber. To increase adhesion to polar surfaces, carboxylated SBRs have been used for PSA formulation. Blends of SBR and natural rubber are commonly used to improve long-term stability of the adhesives. 

Depolymerized latex has intrinsic tack and can be blended with normal latex to improve cohesive strength (Fig. 35a), with tackifiers to improve tack or peel strength (Fig. 35b), or with both. 

Cohesive strength of these adhesives can be modified by blending butyl rubber and polyisobutylene. Higher strength is obtained by using high molecular weight PIB or butyl rubber. On the other hand, blends of butyl rubber or PIB with chlorinated butyl rubber show improved cure properties. 

The open tack time of the CR adhesives partially depends on the evaporation rate of the solvent blend. If a solvent evaporates slowly, the CR adhesive will retain tack longer, whereas if the solvent evaporates quickly, the cohesive strength will develop more rapidly. According to Table 13, addition of small amounts of xylene (generally lower than 5%) will increase the open time of CR adhesives. 

Standard-grade PSAs are usually made from styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), natural rubber, or blends thereof in solution. In addition to rubbers, polyacrylates, polymethylacrylates, polyfvinyl ethers), polychloroprene, and polyisobutenes are often components of the system ([198], pp. 25-39). These are often modified with phenolic resins, or resins based on rosin esters, coumarones, or hydrocarbons. Phenolic resins improve temperature resistance, solvent resistance, and cohesive strength of PSA ([196], pp. 276-278). Antioxidants and tackifiers are also essential components. Sometimes the tackifier will be a lower molecular weight component of the high polymer system. The phenolic resins may be standard resoles, alkyl phenolics, or terpene-phenolic systems ([198], pp. 25-39 and 80-81). Pressure-sensitive dispersions are normally comprised of special acrylic ester copolymers with resin modifiers. The high polymer base used determines adhesive and cohesive properties of the PSA. 

Polymer. The polymer determines the properties of the hot melt variations are possible in molar mass distribution and in the chemical composition (copolymers). The polymer is the main component and backbone of hot-melt adhesive blend it gives strength, cohesion and mechanical properties (filmability, flexibility). The most common polymers in the woodworking area are EVA and APAO. 

A prospective location may appear to be right in all other respects but fails because of the manpower resource. This refers to not only the economic aspects such as the availability of labor and skills but also to the qualitative ones of being able to understand the local culture and customs, appreciation of people s attitudes and values. It also refers to the confidence in the ability to blend these with the culture and aspirations of the company to form a cohesive production unit that will work. A successful processing concept in one cultural environment may not be a success in another. 

A surface is that part of an object which is in direct contact with its environment and hence, is most affected by it. The surface properties of solid organic polymers have a strong impact on many, if not most, of their apphcations. The properties and structure of these surfaces are, therefore, of utmost importance. The chemical stmcture and thermodynamic state of polymer surfaces are important factors that determine many of their practical characteristics. Examples of properties affected by polymer surface stmcture include adhesion, wettability, friction, coatability, permeability, dyeabil-ity, gloss, corrosion, surface electrostatic charging, cellular recognition, and biocompatibility. Interfacial characteristics of polymer systems control the domain size and the stability of polymer-polymer dispersions, adhesive strength of laminates and composites, cohesive strength of polymer blends, mechanical properties of adhesive joints, etc. 

In the case of reservoir systems that rely on the cohesivity of the blend due to interparticle interactions, studies are required on vibrational stability in simulated storage, transport, and use tests, including determination of the effects of elevated temperature and humidity. 

Once manufactured, small particles present another challenge. At small particle size diameters, gravity ceases to be the major force exerted on the particles and interparticle forces become more prominent. The resultant increase in the cohesive and adhesive nature of the particles produces problems such as poor flowability, fillability, and dispersibility. These problems are typically minimized by blending with larger. 

Pelletization often does not require the use of excipients and may offer an alternative to blending for high dose therapeutics. The process involves deliberate agglomeration of the fine drug material into less cohesive, larger units [23]. Pelletization is usually achieved by vibratory sieving or any tumbling process. All processes require particu-... 

Thus, as R increases. Tic decreases. This is illustrated in Figure 9, which shows the evolution of the RSD of a blending experiment in a small V-blender for three mixtures of different cohesion. Three systems were studied a low cohesion system composed of 50% Fast-Flo Lactose and 50 /o Avicel 102 a medium cohesion system composed of 50 /o Regular Lactose and 50 /o Avicel 102, and a high cohesion system composed of 50 /o Regular Lactose and 50 /o Avicel 101. In all cases, an aliquot of the system was laced with 6% micronized acetaminophen, which was used as a tracer to determine the axial mixing rate in V-blenders of different capacities (IQ, 8Q, and 28Q). 

Figure 9 (A) Relative standard deviation measured for axially segregated blends of different cohesion in a 1-quart V-blender. As cohesion increases, blending becomes slower. (B) Relative standard deviation measured for axially segregated blends of different cohesion in a 28-quart V-blender. In a large vessel, the effects of cohesion become unimportant.

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