Adhesion in Nature

Other ancient examples of the use of natural earths and minerals include the application of bitumen as a hot melt adhesive to stick rocks together, known in 

Long before people made their investigations into adhesion technologies, natural phenomena were occurring on the Earth s surface, illustrating the processes of adhesion which we now understand to some degree. 

For example, volcanic ash was deposited over many regions. This could cement together when wet to produce the porous rock which encapsulates the ruins of Pompeii, for example. Similarly, solid particles were deposited in seas and river estuaries. These adhered together under the influence of chemistry. 

Another example of the variation of adhesion in natural rocks is that of fossils. When rocks are formed by the adhesion of the fine particles of a mineral. 

However, living things provide the most interesting examples of adhering structures. The earliest fossils indicate that primitive living cells were sticking to rock surfaces to form clumps. These fossils are the stromatolites, some 2000 

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A prime example of the impressive nse of adhesion in nature is the gecko, which can hang from the ceiling and climb with ease np smooth vertical surfaces (Fig. 20a). Its ability to do this was known for some time to be associated with the many thousands of hairs (or setae) comprising each foot (Fig. 20b). In addition, each seta was found to con-... 

Lessons for Surface Design Cell Adhesion in Nature. 38... 

Franco PHJ, Valadez-Gonzalez M (2005) Fibre-matrix adhesion in natural fibre composites. In Mohanty AK, Misra M, Drzal LT (eds) Natural fibres, biopolymers and biocomposites. CRC, Boca Raton, p 37... 

Fiber Matrix Adhesion in Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite. .. 617... 

One of the most important focus areas of research in the development of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites is characterisation of the fiber-matrix interface, since the interface alone can have a significant impact on the mechanical performance of the resulting composite materials, in terms of the strength and toughness. The properties of all heterogeneous materials are determined by component properties, composition, structure and interfacial interactions [62]. There have been a variety of methods used to characterize interfacial properties in natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites, however, the exact mechanism of the interaction between the natural fiber and the polymeric matrix has not been clearly studied on a fundamental level and is presently the major drawback for widespread utilization of such materials. The extent of interfacial adhesion in natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites utilizing PLA as the polymer matrix has been the subject of several recent investigations, hence the focus in this section will be on PLA-based natural fiber composites. 

The upper right photo has substantially the same composition as that in the upper left, but was made without stirring. This material was first made in 1927 (25). It did not undergo phase inversion, and hence the SBR remains the continuous phase. This material is adhesive in nature, but not commercial. 

In this theme completion an interesting structural aspect of intercomponent adhesion in natural nanocomposites (polymers) should be noted. Despite the considered above different mechanisms of reinforcement and nanoclusters-loosely packed matrix interaction realization the common dependence is obtained for the entire studied temperature range of... 

The further study of intercomponent adhesion in natural nanocomposites was fulfilled in Ref [50]. In Fig. 15.18, the dependence bJ T) for PC is shown, from which b reduction or intercomponent adhesion level enhancement at testing temperature growth follows. In the same figure the maximum... 

Herrera-Franco, P.J. and Valadez-Gonzalez, A. (2005) in Fiber-Matrix Adhesion in Natural Fiber Composites in Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites (eds A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, and L.T. Drzal), Taylor Francis, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 177-230. 

Springer, New York Gorb SN (2005) Amer Entomol 51 31 Gorb SN (2009) Adhesion in Nature. In Brockmann W, Geifi PL, Klingen J, Schroder B (eds) Adhesive bonding - materials, applications and technology. Wiley, Weinheim, pp 346-356... 

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