Cognition spatial working memory

Aged rhesus monkeys were assessed in several cognitive and motor tasks, acquisition of a visual object discrimination, reversal of a visual object discrimination, a delayed response task, a spatial working memory task, and a fine motor task. The S-HTj receptor antagonists ondansetron and SEC-579 at very low oral doses selectively enhanced acquisition of a visual object discrimination task but not the reversal or delayed tasks [Arnsten et al. 1997]. 

NE system plays an important role in various cognitive functions attention, concentration, consolidation and retrieval of memory (Berridge and Waterhouse 2003 Harley, 2004 van der Meulen et al., 2007). Studies in human and animal subjects demonstrated that proper NE function is critical for the spatial working memory (Rossetti and Carboni 2005). In rodents, NE plays an important role in the olfactory memory (Veyrac et al.,... 

Wilson, M., and Emmorey, K. (1997a). A phonological loop in visuo-spatial working memory evidence from American Sign Language. Memory and Cognition, 25 (3), 313-320. 

Temporal patterns and oscillations have been observed in a very broad spectrum across various spatial scales. For example, periodic dynamics have been studied in gene expression patterns in the cell division cycle and the cellular redox state alterations, while the genome-wide oscillations at the transcript and protein levels indicate the cell cycle as a developmental process [33]. Spatiotemporal oscillations have been observed in mitochondria, transmembrane potentials, heart excitation waves, neural activities and brain dynamics, cognition and verbal working memory, and even bacteria [16, 34-37]. 

The feedback of instructions and parameters to ongoing thinkingl probably uses what is now called working memory, a short-term limited-capacity memory buffer or store which is the subject of much contemporary research and debate. There are apparently several aspects or domains of working memory one or more short term stores for spatial and visual information, another for auditory information, perhaps divided between speech-based and musical functions, and perhaps working memory stores for combinations of sensory and cognitive data as well. I will have more to say on working memory, its various aspects and functions, and... 

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