American Sign Language

Stamer, T. Pentland, A. 1995. Visual recognition of american sign language using hidden Markov models. Proc lnt 1 Workshop on Automatic Face- and Gesture-Recognition, Zurich, Switzerland, June 26-28, 1995. 

Cogen, C. (1977). On three aspects of time expression in American Sign Language. In L. Friedman (ed.), On the other hand new perspectives on American Sign Language (pp. 197-214). New York Academic Press. 

Emmorey, K., Klima, E., and Hickok, G. (1998). Mental rotation within linguistic and nonlinguistic domains in users of American Sign Language. Cognition, 68, 221-246. 

Friedman, L. (1975). Space, time, and person reference in American Sign Language. Language, 51 (4), 940-961. 

Taub, S. (in press). Language from the body iconicity and metaphor in American Sign Language. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. 

Yalli, C., and Lucas, C. (1995). Linguistics of American Sign Language an introduction (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C. Gallaudet University Press. 

Wilcox, P. (1993). Metaphorical mapping in American Sign Language. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of New Mexico. 

Wilson, M., and Emmorey, K. (1997a). A phonological loop in visuo-spatial working memory evidence from American Sign Language. Memory and Cognition, 25 (3), 313-320. 

Fingerspelling, a transliteration of English alphabet into hand symbols, can convey everyday words at up to 2 syllables per second, limited by the rate of manual symbol production [Reed et al., 1990]. American Sign Language uses a variety of upper body movements to convey words and concepts rather than just individual letters, at the same effective rate as ordinary speech, 4 to 5 syllables per second. 

When Norbert was born, New Orleans was still a small town by modern standards. Its 8000 inhabitants included 4000 whites, 2700 slaves, and 1300 free African Americans, most of them of mixed racial heritage, like Norbert and his mother. Founded by the French 100 years earlier, the region had been under Spanish rule for 35 years before it was returned to France for sale to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. New Orleans French past graced the town with an opera house, cafes, cabarets, Parisian fashions, French-language signs, and gardens with orange and lemon trees, roses, myrtle, and jasmine. 

The result should be like the sign beside the gate of a popular primary school ( elementary school is the equivalent American English term), as seen in Fig. 110.1 All state schools use the four-language formula at their entrances, with the following order Malay (in the Latin script), Chinese (in Chinese characters), Tamil... 

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