Olfactory memory

Brennan P.A., Kendrick K. and Keveme E.B. (1995). Neurotransmitter release in the accessory olfactory bulb during and after the formation of an olfactory memory in mice. Neuroscience 69, 1075-1086. 

Demas G.E., Williams J.M. and Nelson R.J. (1997). Amygdala but not hippocampal lesions impair olfactory memory for mate in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Am J Physiol 273, 1683-1689. 

Kaba H., Rosser A. and Keveme E.B. (1988). Hormonal enhancement of neurogenesis and its relationship to the duration of olfactory memory. Neuroscience 24, 93-98. 

Kendrick K.M., Guevara-Guzman R., Zorrilla J., Hinton M., et al. (1997). Formation of olfactory memories mediated by nitric oxide. Nature 388, 670-674. 

Matsuoka M., Kaba H., Mori Y. and Ichikawa M. (1997). Synaptic plasticity in olfactory memory formation in female mice. Neurorep 8, 2501-2504. 

White, T. L. and Youngentob, S. L. The effect of NMDA-NR2B receptor subunit over-expression on olfactory memory task performance in the mouse. Brain Res. 1021,1-7, 2004. 

Kaba, H., Rosser, A. and Keveme, B. (1989) Neural basis of olfactory memory in the context of pregnancy block. Neuroscience. 32,657-662. 

The impregnated female mouse retains an olfactory memory of the stud male. This memory depends on cervico-vaginal stimulation at mating (Keverne and de la Riva, 1982). For the effect to occur, the female has to be exposed to the stud male s odor for 4-6 hours (Rosser and Keverne, 1985). The memory for the stud male lasts for about 30 days (Kaba etal., 1992). Memory formation is accompanied by synaptic changes in the accessory olfactory bulb (Kaba et al, 1992). The major urinary proteins, currently subjected to intense study, may provide individual information about the male, in addition to the protein s pheromonebinding role. 

Rosser, A. E. and Keverne, E. B. (1985). The importance of central noradrenergic neurons in the formation of an olfactory memory in the prevention of pregnancy block. Neuroscience 15,1141-1147. 

The effects of OT appear to be species-specific (Wang et ah, 2000). Thus, while OT appears not to be essential for the onset of maternal behavior in mice (Barnes and Pompeiano, 1991), it may be essential for the onset of maternal behavior in species that become maternal at parturition, such as rats and sheep (Wang et al., 2000). In sheep, the central release of OT, prompted by parturition and/or stimulation of the vagina and cervix, has been implicated in the induction of maternal behavior OT release increases with maternal experience (Levy et al., 1995). This enhanced OT release at parturition is associated with elevated acetylcholine, noradrenaline, and GABA release, which are in turn associated with olfactory memory this may explain the shorter period of time needed by multiparous ewes to selectively bond with lambs. 

Nitric oxide (NO) has also been implicated in certain maternal behaviors, including the timing of parturition in rats and olfactory memory formation in lactating sheep (Gammie and Nelson, 1999), as well as aggression and maternal aggression. Nitric oxide is produced from L-arginine by three different tissue-localized nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes neuronal (nNOS), en-... 

Da Costa, A.R, Broad, K.D., and Kendrick, K.M. (1997). Olfactory memory and maternal behaviour-induced changes in c-fos and zif/268 mRNA expression in the sheep brain. Brain Res Mol Brain Res, 46 63-76. 

Letemendia FJJ, Delva NJ, Rodenburg M, et al Therapeutic advantage of bifrontal electrode placement in ECT. Psychol Med 23 349-360, 1993 Letty S, Child R, Dumis A, et al 5-HT4 receptors improve social olfactory memory in the rat. Neuropharmacology 36 681-687, 1997 Levin E Nicotinic systems and cognitive function. Psychopharmacology 108 417-431, 1992... 

NE system plays an important role in various cognitive functions attention, concentration, consolidation and retrieval of memory (Berridge and Waterhouse 2003 Harley, 2004 van der Meulen et al., 2007). Studies in human and animal subjects demonstrated that proper NE function is critical for the spatial working memory (Rossetti and Carboni 2005). In rodents, NE plays an important role in the olfactory memory (Veyrac et al.,... 

Bockaert J, Ansanay H, Letty S, et al. 5-HT4 receptors long-term blockade of K+ channels and effects on olfactory memory. CR Acad Sci III 1998 321 217-221. 

Bockaert J, Claeysen S, Sebben M, Dumuis A. 5-HT4 receptors gene, transduction and effects on olfactory memory. Ann NY Acad Sci 1998 861 1-15. 

Letty S, Child R, Dumuis A, Pantaloni A, Bockaert J, Rondouin G. 5-HT4 receptors improve social olfactory memory in the rat. Neuropharmacology 1997 36 681-687. 

A word of warning for young perfumers One of the most difficult things for students is to sustain enthusiasm and patience over what is inevitably a long and difficult period of study. The work is both introspective and competitive. All too often students may be faced with disappointment after months of work. Self-confidence can easily be destroyed, particularly when a student is allowed to charge ahead without building up the solid foundation in olfactory memory and perfumery technique on which success is based. If a perfumer ceases to enjoy his or her work, and every new project carries with it the threat of failure rather than the hope of success, the most likely cause lies in the insecurity of the technique. 

Davis RL (2005) Olfactory memory formation in Drosophila from molecular to systems neuroscience. Annu Rev Neurosci 28 275-302... 

Dubnau J, Grady L, Kitamoto T, Tully T (2001) Disruption of neurotransmission in Drosophila mushroom body blocks retrieval but not acquisition of memory. Nature 411476 180 Dudai Y, Corfas G, Hazvi S (1988) What is the possible contribution of Ca2 -stimulated adenylate cyclase to acquisition, consolidation and retention of an associative olfactory memory in Drosophila. J Comp Physiol [A] 162 101-109... 

Keene AC, Waddell S (2007) Drosophila olfactory memory single genes to complex neural circuits. Nat Rev Neurosci 8 341-354... 

McGuire SE, Le PT, Davis RL (2001) The role of Drosophila mushroom body signaling in olfactory memory. Science 293 1330-1333... 

Schlief, M.L., and Wilson, R.I. (2007). Olfactory processing and behavior downstream from highly selective receptor neurons. Nat Neurosci 10, 623-630 Schwaerzel M, Heisenberg M, Zars T (2002) Extinction antagonizes olfactory memory at the subcellular level. Neuron 35 951-960... 

Schwaerzel M (2003) Localizing engrams of olfactory memories in Drosophila. PhD Thesis, University of Wurzburg... 

Schwaerzel M, Monastirioti M, Scholz H, Friggi-Grelin F, Birman S, Heisenberg M (2003) Dopamine and octopamine differentiate between aversive and appetitive olfactory memories in Drosophila. J Neurosci 23 10495-10502... 

Cholinergic Actions in MOB Only limited information is available about cholinergic actions in MOB. Electrical activation of NDB has been reported to depress (Nickell and Shipley, 1988a) or increase (Kunze et al., 1991, 1992) mitral cell activity indirectly via primary effects on GABAergic GCs. NDB stimulation also reduced the field potential in the MOB caused by stimulation of the anterior commissure (Nickell and Shipley, 1993), an effect mediated by presynaptic inhibition of anterior commissure terminals via muscarinic receptors. One interpretation of these results is that cholinergic input to MOB may function to modulate interhemispheric transmission of olfactory information. In this regard, it is noteworthy that anterior commissural fibers are required for access and recall of olfactory memories between the two hemispheres. Infusion of ACh into MOB was reported to reduce paired-pulse depression of lateral olfactory tract (LOT)-evoked field potentials recorded in the GCL. This effect was attributed to... 

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