Coefficient of thermal expansion. See

Chrome-magnesite, 352—353, 383—385 Chrome Ore, 383 — 384 Chromite, 383—384 refractories, 385 Chromium oxide, 32, 389 Chrysotile, 48 Circular kiln, 299 Clay minerals, 33—34 Clays, 33-38, 313 Clinoensfatite, 46-48, 316-317 Coatings, 399—416 Coefficient of thermal expansion, see thermal expansion Coesite, 17 Colemanite, 142... 

The ceramic oxide carrier is bonded to the monolith by both chemical and physical means. The bonding differs for a ceramic monolith and a metallic monolith. Attrition is a physical loss of the carrier from the monolith from the surface shear effects caused by the exhaust gas, a sudden start-up or shutdown causing a thermal shock as a result of different coefficients of thermal expansion at the boundary between the carrier and the monolith, physical vibration of the cataly2ed honeycomb, or abrasion from particulates in the exhaust air (21) (see Fig. 6d). 

The coefficient of thermal expansion of 316 stainless steel is 9.7 x 1()- in/in per degree Fahrenheit. The metric equivalent is 17.5 x 10 <> mm/mm. per degree Centigrade. See the next Table and note the expansion on a pump whose eenterline is 10 inch above its base. 

Crystalline polyimide powders, 304 Crystalline transition temperature. See Melting temperature (Tm) Crystallization rate, for processing semicrystalline polymers, 44 CTE. See Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE)... 

Change in dimensions of an unvulcanised rubber (calendered sheet or extruded section) on cooling from the processing temperature. Also the volume contraction of a moulded rubber product on cooling from vulcanising temperature. See Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (Volumej. Shrinking... 

Shrinkage and coefficient of thermal expansion are those of semi-crystalline polymers, that is to say, rather high. The absorption and swelling by moisture exposure are high (see Figure 4.54). Creep depends on reinforcement, moisture content and temperature. 

Shrinkage, coefficient of thermal expansion and creep are rather low, the more so as semiaromatic polyamides are very often reinforced. The absorption and swelling by exposure to moisture are slow and low (see Figure 4.66). 

An extension of the procedure for calculating the deton velocities to include those expls which.yield solid carbon as a reaction product has been accomplished by the same investigators (See Ref 32) on the assumption that the volumes of solid and gas are additive, that the gas obeys eq 23 and that the solid has zero coefficients of thermal expansion and basic compression. The composition of the reaction products was assumed to be that of chemical equilibrium at the temp and pressure immediately behind the deton wave, and a numerical procedure, involving successive approximations, was developed for the determination of the composition from a consideration of the simultaneous equilibria involved. This method of calculation was briefly discussed in Ref 39, pp 86-7... 

Other physical properties. Anisotropy of thermal and electrical conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, elasticity, and dielectric constant may also provide information on internal structure. These properties, however, have so far been little used in structure determination, because they are less easily measured than those already considered consequently not very much experimental evidence is available for the purpose of generalizing on the relations between such properties and structural features. For further information on these subjects, see Wooster (1938), Nye (1957). 

For most solids, one can neglect the difference between Pp f (ap f/3 for an isotropic body) and the coefficient of thermal expansion at constant P is usually used. Therefore, we may use P and a without subscripts. Assuming that E and p are independent of temperature and ignoring the change in lateral dimensions during defonnation (i.e. we take the Poisson s ratio p = 0, because this simplification gives effects of only the second order of smallness), one can arrive at relations similar to Eqs. (17)—(21). To do this, it is necessary to replace in Eq. (16) the volume deformation e by e, the modulus K by E and a by p (see Fig. 1). For the simple deformation of a Hookean body the characteristic parameter r is also inversely dependent on strain, viz. r = 2PT/e and sinv = —2PT. It is interesting to note that... 

These expressions show that a deformed polymer network is an extremely anisotropic body and possesses a negative thermal expansivity along the orientation axis of the order of the thermal expansivity of gases, about two orders higher than that of macromolecules incorporated in a crystalline lattice (see 2.2.3). In spite of the large anisotropy of the linear thermal expansivity, the volume coefficient of thermal expansion of a deformed network is the same as of the undeformed one. As one can see from Eqs. (50) and (51) Pn + 2(iL = a. Equation (50) shows also that the thermoelastic inversion of P must occur at Xim (sinv) 1 + (1/3) cxT. It coincides with F for isoenergetic chains [see Eq. (46)]. 

Examining the lattice parameters in detail by fitting the (110) and (200) peaks provides three separate but interrelated sets of information. Firstly, as expected, the lattice expands on heating due to the increased thermal motion of the chains. In the case of the extended chain crystals, which are already close to equilibrium (at least with respect to size), this is all that happens see Fig. 9. Constant thermal expansion of the a and b lattice parameters can be seen, the coefficients of thermal expansion derived from this data are 4 x 10-3 A/°C for the a-axis, and - 3 x 10-4 A/°C for the b-axis, these basically remaining constant for each of the chain lengths examined and, as... 

In ease an, ai, and 2 can be approximated by linear functions of temperature, as we considered earlier for a0, the second derivatives in Eq. (i.ll) will be zero and Cp will be independent of pressure. Since da )/dT is essentially the coefficient of thermal expansion, we see that the term in Eq. (1.11) linear in the pressure depends on the change of thermal expansion with the temperature. We have mentioned that the thermal expansion is zero at the absolute zero, increasing with temperature to an asymptotic value. Thus we may expect d2a0/d772 to be positive, falling off to zero at high temperatures, so that from Eq. (1.11) the specific heat will decrease with increasing pressure, particularly at low temperature. 

The chemical and physical properties of each of these window materials vary widely. For example, polyimide is flexible, semitransparent, and chemically inert, but it has an upper working temperature of 673 K (for information about the properties of Kapton see http //www2.dupont. com/Kapton/en US / assets / downloads / pdf/ summaryofprop.pdf). Beryllium is stiff, has a low density, high thermal conductivity, and a moderate coefficient of thermal expansion it can be machined and is very stable mechanically and thermally. It also retains useful properties at both elevated and cryogenic temperatures. However, it does require a few safety-related handling requirements that are well documented (for detailed environmental safety and health information about beryllium see http //www.brushwellman.com). Nonetheless, as is stated in the Brush Wellman literature (for detailed environmental safety and health information about beryllium see http //www.brushwellman.com), "handling beryllium in solid form poses no special health risk."... 

From these investigations it follows that Eq. (7) may be utilized approximately to determine unknown low temperature R(T)-values and also the coefficients of thermal expansion (ac[K-1]) in direction of the c-axis (see also Sect. F.I.) ... 

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