Metric equivalents

Production and consumption of wood products and residues are measured ia various units, based on common usage and their metric equivalents (2—4). Pulpwood logs and fuelwood are commonly measured ia cords. A cord refers to a stacked pile of wood, with outside dimensions of 4 by 4 by 8 ft (1.22 by 1.22 by 2.44 m) and a volume of 128 ft (3.62 m ). The weight of a cord depends on density of wood and bark and on moisture content. In the United States, it can range from 1.3 to 1.7 short tons (1.2 to 1.5 metric tons), air dried. 

Special note for the sixth edition At diis time, metric equivalents have not been provided for the allowable-stress tables of the piping code B31.3. Tliey may be computed by the following rela-tionsliips ( F - 32) x 9 = C Ibf/iir (stress) x 6.S9.5 x 10 = MPa. 

Pan width and stream depth nearest metric equivalents... 

Soft conversion tbe volume of tbe package is iincbanged, and its metric equivalent is stated. Example 55-gal drum equals 208 L. 

Metric equivalent of particle sizes given elsewhere. 

The coefficient of thermal expansion of 316 stainless steel is 9.7 x 1()- in/in per degree Fahrenheit. The metric equivalent is 17.5 x 10 <> mm/mm. per degree Centigrade. See the next Table and note the expansion on a pump whose eenterline is 10 inch above its base. 

Note 1 The values stated iu US customary units are to be regarded as the standard. The metric equivalents of US customary units may be approximate... 

First, here s a list of some common equivalences used when working with lengths. I cover the English and metric equivalences later, in Mixing It Up with Measures. ... 

Finally, fouling factors typical of the two fluid media are taken from Table 12 in Ref. El (p. 645) and converted into their metric equivalents. All factors are then combined into the final equation for determination of the overall heat-transfer coefficient ... 

All the sieve plates have a hole diameter of 5 mm. This is the metric equivalent of the imperial 3/16 inch. This is suggested in order to... 

Two fouling factors are obtained from Ref. El (p.845, Table 12) and converted into metric equivalents. A coefficient representative of air streams is used for the reaction-gas stream (F, = 0.002). The second coefficient is a typical value for treated boiler-feed water or steam (F, = 0.001). 

English system measurements into metric equivalents quickly enlightens the instructor to the abhorrence that the non-scientist has towards mathematical manipulations. No prior knowledge of scientific principles can be assumed. In our opinion, those subjects which have not been found to be easily integrated with chemical and biological principles are best omitted from the first course of study. Hence, forensic photography, the polygraph, document examination and speed detection devices are topics that are not included in the curriculum. 

For those who wish to use teaspoon measurements, the following table of commonly used photographic chemicals shows the metric equivalents for various amounts of dry measures. 

At the time of writing, conversion from the Imperial (F.P.S) to metric system of units, especially in North America, is far from complete. Thus Imperial units have generally been used in the text with metric equivalents provided in brackets. In tables and figures, the system of units given in the original source (usually Imperial) has been retained. 

Medium and heavy wall tubing were originally measured in English measurements and now use the metric equivalent. Standard wall tubing has always been measured in metric measurements. Because there is no one-half-inch standard wall tubing, 12-mm tubing was used for this example. 

Medium and Heavy Wall Tbbing (Table 3.9 and Table 3.10). This tubing is made in English sizes, but with the push toward the metric system such tubing is now listed in catalogs in its metric equivalent (therefore, 1" tubing is listed as 25.4 mm). Both English and metric measurements are listed in both tables. 

Before we begin, we provide a brief comment on units. In general, we recommend that concentrations ofN compounds be presented as pmol N (i.e., pM, or some similar metric equivalent) and rates to be presented as pmol N time h Historically the pg-at N unit has been used in the presentation of N uptake rates, particularly in culture work 1 pmol of a compound is equal to 1 pg-at N for a... 

Some useful approximate US/metric conversions are given below. In the demonstrations, approximate metric equivalents will be provided with measurements in US units. 

Nevertheless, an unsealed fuzzy Hausdorff metric provides important insight into the generalization of concepts originally proposed and proved for crisp sets to fuzzy sets, and some features of the proof can be utilized in the proof of the metric properties of the scaled fuzzy Hausdorff-type metric described here. For this purpose, first a proof is presented for the metric properties of an unsealed fuzzy Hausdorff metric, equivalent to the metric proposed by Puri and Ralescu, followed by a proof of the metric properties of an a-scaled fuzzy Hausdorff-type metric, suitable for fuzzy electron densities. 

Eventually, ancient rules of thumb gave way to more carefully defined units. The metric system was adopted in France in 1799 and the British Imperial System of units was established in 1824. In 1893, the English units used in the United States were redefined in terms of their metric equivalents the yard was defined as 0.9144 meter, and so on. But English units continue to be used in the United States to this day, even though the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 stated that it is the declared policy of the United States...to designate the metric system of measurement as the preferred system of weights and measures for United States trade and commerce. ... 

In the above relationship, the back pressure is measured in bars. This is just one of a number of systems of units used in HPLC to measure pressure. The SI unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa), although this is not used very often in this context, probably because of the large and unwieldy numbers needed to describe typical HPLC pressures. Other units that may be encountered include pounds per square inch (psi), which tends to be the favoured unit in the United States, and its metric equivalent kg/cm. ... 

Where, for convenience, other than SI units have been used on figures or diagrams, the scales are also given in SI units, or the appropriate conversion factors are given in the text. Where equations are presented in customary units, a metric equivalent is generally given. 

With the current trend toward metrication, the question of using a consistent system of units has been a problem. Wherever possible, the authors of this Handbook of Environmental Engineering series have used the British system (fps) along with the metric equivalent (mks, cgs, or SIU) or vice versa. For the convenience of the readers around the world, this book provides a 55-page detailed Conversion Factors for Environmental Engineers. In addition, the basic and supplementary units, the derived units and quantities, important physical constants, the properties of water, and the Periodic Table of the Elements, are also presented in this document. 

First convert the office volume of 576 ft3 to a metric equivalent of 16.3 m3. Then ... 

Other English-metric equivalences are given in Section 5.3. 

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