Coated seeds

Encapsulated fonofos, a soil insecticide, was developed to coat seeds before they were planted (72). Encapsulation reduces oral toxicity 100-fold and dermal toxicity 10-fold while extending activity of the fonofos. Other encapsulated pesticides available include permethrin and parathion (69). Significantly, all commercial encapsulated pesticides are prepared by interfacial polymeri2ation. 

Procedure Germination conditions were 25 1°C under continuous fluorescent light of 25 mE m 2 sec-1. Seed germination was monitored by observing the seeds directly in the Petri dishes with a stereomicroscope. They were considered germinated, when the radicle had protruded through the seed coat. Seeds sampled at different times after the beginning of imbibition were used for microscopy studies. 

Based on the total number of cells present in the buffy coat, seed viable carcinoma MCF-7 cells to a final percentage of 0.1% (see Notes 4 and 5). 

Pesticide Formulations for Seed Treatment (20) and Dry Fertilizer Treatment (21). Pesticide handling, application and incorporation can be simplified and made less expensive by using seeds and fertilizer granules as pesticide carriers. These techniques reduce the number of passes a farmer needs to make over a field, although cultivation is often required if herbicide coated seeds are placed too far apart. 

Seed treaters are used to coat seeds with a pesticide. The amount of pesticide the seeds receive is important. Too much can injure the seed too little will not control the pests. The three basic types of commercial seed treaters are ... 

Coated Seed Dehulled Seed Coated Seed Dehulled Seed ... 

Direct-seed outdoors in early April. Soak the hard-coated seed in tepid water for 8 hours, or notch them with a file to speed germination. Place in loose, well-prepared, average soil. Or start seeds indoors in 4" pots and transplant outdoors after frost. 

Use Coating seeds to protect them from birds. 

Evidence of having gotten chemically coated seeds should occur shortly after ingestion. Vomiting, diarrhea and dizziness will accompany mild hallucinations for the following 7 to 14 hours. 

Cotton strains and species with green fiber have lamellar layers (up to 26) of suberin and wax deposited alternately with cellulose during formation of secondary walls in the epidermal cells, including fiber cells, of the seed coat. Seeds of cotton with green lint are less permeable to water than those with white lint, indicating that suberin may be involved in regulating water uptake by seeds. 

Uses Fluorescent pigment in water-based coatings and inks ind. textile Inks, latex paints, tempera paint, flexo Ink, gravure Ink, paper coatings, seed coatings... 

Chitosan solution was also used to coat seeds of peail millet and foliar spray. Chitosan was effective on the growth of pearl millet. Chitosan treatment increased the height of pearl millet from 81.6 cm (control) to 115.7 cm (treatment). The number of tiUers, number of ear heads, and 1000 seed weight also increased significantly in the treated plants compared to the untreated plants. It was found that there was 19% increase in 1000 seed weight and 50% in number of ear heads (Saralhchandra and Jaj 2004). 

In Vietnam, a lot of crops have been applied with chitosan and their derivatives by coating seed or foliar in fields such as soybean, peannt, cabbage, pea, kohlrabi, rice, cotton, and coffee the results are shown in Table 42.5. 

Effect of Coating Seeds by Chitosan Oligomer on the Growth and Development of Cotton... 

Chitosan and some of its derivatives are easily soluble in water and dilute organic acids such as lactic and acetic acids therefore, chitosan and its derivatives can be used in various ways such as soil enrichment, foliar spraying, coating seed, supplement in hydroponic, and supplanent in plant tissue culture media in which coating seed and foliar spraying are useful. The methods of application for various plants are reviewed in Table 42.8. 

CM-Chitosan 90 1.0%-1.5% Coating seed Spoon cabbage, amaranthus, spinach, lettuce U(1998)... 

Depolymerized chitin, CM-chitin Coating seed Soybean Hirano (1996)... 

Chitin and chitosan have potential in agricultural applications because of their ability to increase crop yields. The presence of chitosan appears to enhance plant reproduction (42), and coating seeds with chitin/chitosan activates the secretion of plant chitinases into the environment providing extra protection from harmful pests. 

Surface binding of loose soil and mineral deposits by emulsions is widely undertaken to improve crop yields and reduce dust and similar environmental problems Special emulsions with entrapped fungicides/mildewicides are used to coat seeds to prevent their decay prior to germination. Also, emulsions are used as cryo-preserving aids in the storage of harvested microbial cells... 

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