Coating of seeds

Besides a direct addition to growth media, there are other ways of utilizing SAH for example, coating of seeds and bare roots, drilling of germinated seeds in a swollen gel ( fluid drilling [14, 15]), plant nutrient media for hydroponics, etc. 

From 1841 on, powdered sulfur was applied to control powdery mildew (Erysiphaceae) in orchards, and since 1885 nicotine was used as an insecticide in vineyards. Ten years later, mercuric chloride (HgCl, corrosive subhmate) was introduced for coating of seeds. As weed-kiUers, corrosive metal salts, like copper(ll) and iron(ll) sulfate, dilute sulfuric and nitric acids, and sodium chlorate were employed. 

These compounds occur mainly in the outer coating of seeds [77] however, they are also present in some skin cells [78] (both free and bound to polysaccharides in ceU walls [79]), stems, shoots, and leaves [80]. 

Takahi, Y. Kato, S. Kondo, Y. Takeshiba, H. Kajino, H. Ookochi, T. Safe microbicide compositions containing F-155 and Rose Bengal, coating of seeds with the compositions, control of plant diseases with them, and seeds coated with Rose Bengal. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 07228505,1995 Chem. Abstr. 1995, 123, 332734. 

As inositol hexaphosphate in phytol, which forms the coating of seeds. 

Bios Complex.—In 1901, Ide and his pupil Wildiers showed that a water-soluble factor, termed 6ios, is necessary for the growth and development of many, but not all, strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisice. Bios occurs plentifully in yeast extracts, plant leaves, bran and the outer coats of seeds. In many ways it resembles a vitamin complex, but since it is synthesised by the growing yeast it is now included among the autacoids. Various compounds have been isolated from the mixture of substances present in bios extracts, and their specific potency has been accepted or denied by different workers. 

When considering how the evolution of life could have come about, the seeding of terrestrial life by extraterrestrial bacterial spores traveling through space (panspermia) deserves mention. Much is said about the possibility of some form of life on other planets, including Mars or more distant celestial bodies. Is it possible for some remnants of bacterial life, enclosed in a protective coat of rock dust, to have traveled enormous distances, staying dormant at the extremely low temperature of space and even surviving deadly radiation The spore may be neither alive nor completely dead, and even after billions of years it could have an infinitesimal chance to reach a planet where liquid water could restart its life. Is this science fiction or a real possibility We don t know. Around the turn of the twentieth century Svante Arrhenius (Nobel Prize in chemistry 1903) developed this theory in more detail. There was much recent excitement about claimed fossil bacterial remains in a Martian meteorite recovered from Antarctica (not since... 

A higher density sol—gel abrasive, produced by the introduction of seed crystaUites formed by wet-milling with high alumina media or by introduction of submicrometer a-alumina particles, was patented (28) and designated Norton SG. The microstmcture of this abrasive consists of submicrometer a-alumina crystals (Fig. 1) and its bulk density approaches that of fused alumina. Norton SG has proven to be an exceptional performer in coated and bonded abrasive products it was awarded the 1989 ASM Engineering Materials Achievement Award (29). 

Miscellaneous Alkaloids. Stukimic acid (57) is a precursor of anthranihc acid (28) and, in yeasts and Escherichia coli (a bacterium), anthranHic acid (o-aminobenzoic acid) is known to serve as a precursor of tryptophan (26). A similar but yet unknown path is presumed to operate in higher plants. Nonetheless, anthranHic acid itself is recognized as a precursor to a number of alkaloids. Thus damascenine [483-64-7] (134), C qH NO, from the seed coats of JSHgella damascena has been shown (95) to incorporate labeled anthranHic acid when unripe seeds of the plant are incubated with labeled precursor. 

Miscellaneous Applications. PEIs and their derivatives ate used as cementation auxihaties in cmde oil exploration (459), and for breaking cmde oil emulsions (460) in cmde oil extraction. Seed coatings of water-soluble copolymers containing polyethyleneimine have been developed (461). Polyethyleneimine derivatives have positive photoresist properties (462) amidated polyethyleneimines improve the flow properties of cement (463) and with few exceptions, A/-acyla2iddines act as chemical sterilisers for insects (464). 

Toxic Constituents. The seed coat of European beechnut contains an unidentified toxic substance that makes the feeding of beechnut cake to certain farm animals ha2ardous (47). A toxic concentration (up to 4000 ppm) of barium found in some Bra2il nut kernels (30,48) has been reported to... 

Compositions of the four oilseeds are given in Table 2. All except soybeans have a high content of seed coat or hull. Because of the high hull content, the cmde fiber content of the other oilseeds is also high. Confectionery varieties of sunflower seed may contain up to 28% cmde fiber on a dry basis (8). Soybeans differ from the other oilseeds in their high protein and low oil content. AH these oilseeds, however, yield high protein meals when dehuUed and defatted. 

Miyamoto et al. (101) obtained four fractions from the seed coats of wheat which inhibited development of the wheat embryo. A component from one of the fractions responsible for 20% of the total inhibitor activity was crystallized but not identified. 

Yoshida, K. et al., Stmctural analysis and measurement of anthocyanins from colored seed coats of Vigna, Phaseolus, and Glycine legumes, Biosci. Biotech. Biochem., 60,589, 1996. 

Choung, M.-G. et al., Isolation and determination of anthocyanins in seed coats of black soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), J. Agric. Food Chem., 49, 5848, 2001. 

Strack, D. et al., Cyanidin 3-oxalylglncoside in orchids, J. BioscL, 41, 707, 1986. Choung, M.-G. et al.. Isolation and determination of anthocyanins in seed coats of black soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), J. Agric. Food Chem., 49, 5848, 2001. Covey, T., Analytical characteristics of the electrospray ionization process, in Biochemical and Biotechnological Applications of Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry, ACS Symposium Series, Snyder, A.P. and Anaheim, C. A., Eds., Washington, D.C., 1995, chap. 2. 

Fig. 6 TEM micrographs of seed coat and aleurone cells of radish control seed 18 h after sowing in water e, epidermis pi, pigment layer al, aleurone layer. (A) Bar = 30 pm Particulars of the aleurone cell showing some organelles nucleus (n), plasmodesmata (pd), protein bodies (pb) and lipid droplets (Id). (B, C). Bar = 5 mm. 

As with yields of seeds given above, the amount of seed coat per seed varies considerably, anywhere from 18% (C. pepo) to 60% (Lagenaria vulgaris, bottle gourd) (21, 22). IndeecT, seed-coatless lines of C. pepo have little or no coat (TT, 23). 

It is known that calcites formed 1n the presence of Mg + ions turn out to be magnesian calcites with 0.70 < x < 1 (1, 6 ). The calcites may be bulk precipitates as, for example, in marine cements or, in the case of seeded runs, may form coatings of a different composition from that of the bulk phase. Under special circumstances dolomite may result [ ). 

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