Fiber cell

Ultimate fiber Cell cross section Fiber strand... 

Muscle tissue is unique in its ability to shorten or contract. The human body has three basic types of muscle tissue histologically classified into smooth, striated, and cardiac muscle tissues. Only the striated muscle tissue is found in all skeletal muscles. The type of cells which compose the muscle tissue are known as contractile cells. They originate from mesenchymal cells which differentiate into myoblasts. Myoblasts are embryonic cells which later differentiate into contractile fiber cells. 

AQPO, formerly known as the Major Intrinsic Protein of 26 kDa (MDP26), is specifically expressed in the plasma membrane of eye lens fiber cells. It transports water to a low degree, but has also been implicated in cell adhesion and gap junction formation. Its main role is to maintain the transparency of the lens by maintaining a tight cellular connection to neighboring cells and/or by controlling the fluid circulation. 

Certain characteristics of skeletal muscle fibers are particularly relevant when considering the future of gene therapy in muscle diseases. Skeletal muscle fibers are large syncytia containing thousands of postmitotic myonuclei, each of which expresses the same set of genes. The postmitotic nature of the myonuclei implies that in mature muscle fibers, cell division cannot play a role in spreading the transferred gene to required locations (i.e., whole muscles). On the other hand, once... 

Striated muscle is composed of multinucleated muscle fiber cells surrounded by an electrically excitable plasma membrane, the sarcolemma. An individual muscle fiber cell, which may extend the entire length of the muscle, contains a bundle of many myofibrils arranged in parallel, embedded in intracellular fluid termed sarcoplasm. Within this fluid is contained glycogen, the high-energy compounds ATP and phosphocreatine, and the enzymes of glycolysis. 

The striated appearance of voluntary and cardiac muscle in light microscopic smdies results from their high degree of organization, in which most muscle fiber cells are aligned so that their sarcomeres are in parallel register (Figure 49-1). 

Franzini-Armstrong, C. Studies of the triad. I. Structure of the junction of frog twitch fibers. /. Cell Biol. 47 488-499, 1979. 

Hoffman, P. N., Thompson, G. W., Griffin, J. W. and Price, D. L. Changes in neurofilament transport coincide temporally with alterations in the caliber of axons in regenerating motor fibers. /. Cell Biol. 101 1332-1340, 1985. 

Hollow-fiber bundles, potting of, 76 16-18 Hollow fiber cell culture systems, 5 350, 355-356... 

SA node and A-V fibers become dominant. Activation of M2 receptors increases the potassium permeability and reduces cAMP levels, slowing the rate of depolarization and decreasing the excitability of SA node and A-V fiber cells. This results in marked bradycardia and a slowing of A-V conduction that can override the stimulation of the heart by catecholamines released during sympathetic stimulation. In fact, very high doses of a muscarinic agonist can produce lethal bradycardia and A-V block. Choline esters have relatively minor direct effects on ventricular function, but they can produce negative inotropy of the atria. 

The parameter can change in a vessel being part of the analytical instrument, for example, an ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometric cell [39,41,45,14,47, 48], an infrared (IR) cell [42, 46], or a fluorometer cell [45, 51], or a polarimetric tube [27, 49]. It can change in a reactor vessel where the analytical signal can be read in some way, for example using an optical fiber cell for spectrophotometry [52-54] or a conductometric cell [16,34,40]. Another possibility is to transport the solution from the reaction vessel to the analytical instrument by a peristaltic pump [38]. When altenative ways are not practicable, samples can be taken at suitable time intervals and analyzed apart [29,31,35,39,43,50]. 

Figure 14 shows the variable-pH kinetic (VpHK) profile obtained spectrophoto-metrically for the reaction of hydrolysis of aspirin with pH varying in the range 2-10 at T = 342.5 K. The variable-concentration conditions were realized by adding a concentrated solution of NaOH (0.6 M) to the thermostatted reaction vessel containing the aqueous solution of acetylsahcylic acid and a buffer composed of acetic acid (0.01 M), fosforic acid (0.01 M), and boric acid (0.01 M). In this way an almost linear increase of pH was generated. The absorbance was read by an optical fiber cell and stored in a computer. The pH was monitored by a pH sensor connected to a computer. 

Many cells are far from spherical for example, human red blood cells are discs 8 x 8 x 1 to 2 pm with a volume of 80 pm3. Plant fiber cells may be several millimeters in length. Nerve cells of animals have long extensions, the axons, which in the human sometimes... 

This tissue includes fiber cells, which may be extremely long e.g., pine stems contain fiber cells of 40 pm diameter and 4 mm long. 

Hijikata, T., Murakami, T., Imamura, M., Fujimaki, N., and Ishikawa, H. (1999). Plectin is a linker of intermediate filaments to Z-discs in skeletal muscle fibers. /. Cell Sci. 112, 867-876. 

Pardo, J. V., Siliciano, J. D., and Craig, S. W. (1983). Vinculin is a component of an extensive network of myofibril-sarcolemma attachment regions in cardiac muscle fibers./ Cell Biol. 97, 1081-1088. 

Tremethick, D. J. (2007). Higher-order structures of chromatin The elusive 30 nm fiber. Cell 128(4), 651-654. 

Figure 7-7 Fiber cell used for recording FT Raman spectra of fibers of dyes. (Reproduced from D. Bourgeois and S. P. Church, Spec. Acta 46A, 295, Copyright 1990, with permission from Pergamon Press Ltd., Headington Hill Hall, Oxford 0X3 OBW, UK.)...

Fig. 28.6. A section of wood made up of fibers and middle lamella. The structure of a fiber is given, showing the micro-fibrillar orientations in the different layers of the fiber cell wall. (From Introduction to Science, 2nd ed. R. A. Young and R. L Giese (Eds.) Copyright 1990, John Wiley Sons, New York with permission of John Wiley Sons Publisher.)...

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