Clinical diagnostic methods

Clinical diagnostic methods for determining exposure and effects of asbestos include chest radiography, pulmonary function tests, and high resolution computerized tomography. Microscopic detection of asbestos bodies in autopsied or biopsied lung tissue can be used to confirm exposure when tissue is available. 

Enzymes are physiological constituents of urine, and most of them originate from renal tissue. The measurement of urinary enzymes has not yet been accepted as a routine clinical diagnostic method since urine contains many kinds of enzyme inhibitors and activators that must be removed before measurement of enzyme activity the most commonly used separation methods are gel filtration and dialysis. 

The below presented frame protocol uses a parametric standard form (a proper one for each type of vegetation) for the analysis and evaluation of a vegetated tessera. It is very helpful in the definition of the so called "normal state" for each sp>ecific typ>e of tessera. Remember that landscape bionomics follows a clinical-diagnostic method and its main goal concern the evaluation of the healthy state of a landscape unit, in which the vegetation coenosis play a central role. 

Moreover, preliminary in vitro studies indicate that Raman spectroscopy may be used as a clinical diagnostic method for the classification of skin disorders, such as benign and malignant skin lesions and eczema [10,39,40]. 

Enormous progress is being made in the development of amperometric sensors, based on enzyme catalysed reactions, in widely varying clinical and immunological diagnostic methods. 

The use of clinical diagnostic procedures by which to identify and evaluate specific organ dysfunction is used widely in human and mammalian toxicology. Despite the apparent usefulness of such techniques little has been done to develop similar methods for use in studying toxic responses in aquatic organisms. 

Unlike other methods currently employed for quantitative transcript measurements, including cDNA microarrays and real-time RT-PCR, competitive RT-PCR is amenable to quality control, which is critical for clinical diagnostic and pharmaceutical industry applications. Furthermore, microarray approaches are limited to generating snap-shot like profiles, but they do not control for differences in hybridization efficiencies of different gene probes with their corresponding cDNAs. That is, cross comparisons are relative and not absolute. Real-time PCR has gained acceptance recently largely due to the reduced cost associated... 

This study demonstrates high efficacy and expediency of the TCNQ derivative-based point-contact multistracture as a prospective asset for development of new sensors. The complex character of the sensors response curve and correlation of some response characteristics with different pathological manifestations in human breath, may be further used as a noninvasive diagnostic method alternative to some invasive approaches currently routinely used in clinic. The need for reliable and feasible gas analysis methods functional in presence of atmospheric air, opens opportunities for application of the proposed sensor technique in other spheres of human activity. High sensitivity of the point-contact multistructure enabling analysis of composite gas mixtures, opens up wide possibilities to apply the demonstrated approach for environment and health protection, such as detection of trace amounts... 

Numerous diagnostic methods have been developed to evaluate female reproductive dysfunction. Although these methods have rarely been used for occupational or environmental toxicological evaluations, they may be helpful in defining biological parameters and mechanisms related to female reproductive toxicity. If clinical observations link exposure to the reproductive effect of concern, these data will aid the assessment of adverse female reproductive toxicity. The following clinical observations include end-points that may be reported in case reports or epidemiological research studies. 

Radioimmunoassay. RIA caused a revolution in clinical diagnostics, providing a rapid, ultrasensitive method for the detection of nearly any agent to which an antibody could be developed. Sensitivity limits in the parts-per-trillion (pptr) or pg/mL are commonplace and RIAs are available for nearly every class of clinically relevant analyte including drugs, hormones, immunoglobulins, immune complexes, blood factors, microbes, viruses, and tumor antigens. 

Naturally the success of this therapeutic approach depends on the correct clinical investigation and on reliable diagnostic methods. For this reason in the evaluation of the efficacy of LNIT we include nasal endoscopy (0° diameter 4mm 30° diameter 2.7 mm), active anterior rhinomanometry, mucociliary transport time, specific nasal provocation test, and nasal microbiological test. 

Correct clinical investigations and reliable diagnostic methods are of vital importance. Finally, there is no conflict between LNIT and drug treatment. 

---