Citizen science

Goodchild 2007). Collaboration does not mean that anybody can do any job , hence collaboration should consider and be aware of the limits of individual knowledge and trustworthiness. For example. Citizens Science in disaster resilience should include training programme for citizens, so to include them as contributor in observations of phenomena (natural processes and events). 

Irwin, A. (1995). Citizen science A study of people, expertise, and sustainable development (Environment and society). London Routledge. Kegan Paul. 

The Scratchpad framework currently serves over 6600 active users across almost 550 sites, sparming scientific, amatem and citizen science audiences. Sites range in function from supporting the work of societies and conservation efforts to the production and dissemination of taxonomic checklists, peer-reviewed journal articles and electronic books. As a derivative of Drupal, the source code is covered by version 3 of the GNU General Public License and is available from a subversion repository (Scratchpad-SVN ). 

On popular epidemiology as citizen science, see, Di Chiro, Local Actions, Global Visions and Fischer, Citizens, Experts and the Environment. 

The aristocrats who determine crystal structures have garnered a remarkable number of Nobel Prizes no fewer than 26 have gone to scientists best described as crystallographers, some of them in physics, some in chemistry, latterly some in biochemistry. Crystallography is one of those fields where physics and chemistry have become intimately commingled. It has also evinced more than its fair share of quarrelsomeness, since many physicists regard it as a mere technique rather than a respectable science, while crystal structure analysts, as we have seen, were for years inclined to regard anyone who studied the many other aspects of crystals as second-class citizens. 

Industrial hygiene The science and art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of those environmental factors or stresses arising from the workplace which cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers or among the citizens of the community. 

In the end, the responsibility of citizens and industrial leaders is the same to insist that the information provided by modern science and engineering is used wisely for the public good. By working together for the public welfare, we can enjoy the enormous benefits of industrial technology and protect Earth for coming generations. 

Chapter 11 addresses national and personal security, both the role that the chemical sciences can play in dealing with terrorist threats and the other ways in which national and personal security depend on current and future advances. There are serious challenges in this area. How can we detect chemical or biological attacks How can we deal with them when they are detected How can we provide improved materials and weapons to our armed forces, and to our civilian police What can we contribute to increase the security of the average citizen We conclude that this is an area where the chemical sciences are particularly central and relevant. 

We conclude that the chemical sciences and engineering have not only a great past but an even more exciting future, but that we will need to communicate more effectively with our fellow citizens, and will need their support so that we can indeed make the contributions that we see as possible. 

The personal security of our citizens also benefits directly from science and technology. Our police forces are equipped with light, strong bulletproof vests made of modem synthetic materials, and fire rescue personnel wear protective clothing made from temperature-resistant polymers. The smoke detectors and carbon monoxide detectors in our homes are based on chemical processes that detect dangerous substances. Personal security is enhanced in the broadest sense by water purification and by the chemical testing procedures that assure us of clean water and food. 

Over the years Herman Mark has been known as polymer science s advocate, early explorer, spokesman, representative, teacher, and senior citizen. Starting, as we have seen, as a young man when the concept of high molecular weight was not accepted, Dr. Mark and his many associates confirmed the structure of polymers and helped open whole new areas of scientific research. 

Thank you for giving me the opportunity to testify on the authorization for the National Science Foundation on the matter of Science for Citizens and for your gracious letter of March 4. 

A. I am not sure what the impact of the new Science for Citizens Program will have. I think this science-citizen development within the... 

Center for Science in the Public Interest Environmental Defense Environmental Working Group Natural Resources Defense Council Public Citizen... 

Differences in data collection practices make reliance on federal figures problematic. For example, some data on African American chemists are reported for U.S. citizens and permanent visas for certain years, while other data are reported for U.S bom citizens for different years. Unfortunately, some data are reported for academic years, while others are presented for calendar years. Moreover, some data are aggregated as the physical sciences, while other data are disaggregated by discipline. Some professional societies report data based only on their membership. To the extent possible, 1 shall report the most recent, complete data available on U.S. bom citizens. 

There is a tendency to import people, non-U.S. citizens, who are beginning to dominate our graduate schools in the U.S. The number of people on visas in graduate programs is beginning to rival that of the domestic population. This means lost opportunities for a lot of people especially young blacks. I ve heard it called the Asian solution to the U.S. shortage of domestic manpower in science. .. 

Implications for Practice. Time-to-degree in STEM fields must be shortened. The U.S. can make STEM career prospects more attractive to its citizens by increasing the number and size of stipends available from the National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, and other government agencies. Since these awards are limited to U.S. citizens, they represent a strategic tool for differentiating U.S. citizens from non-citizens (Freeman, 2004). If the gap is to be eliminated, the disparities in educational opportunities associated with social class and race, will have to be eliminated beginning at preschool. This is critical to increase the representation of African American STEM careers. 

SATC] Science and the Citizen . Scientific America,n March 1990. pp. 18,22 http //www.pdxnorml.org/test.html... 

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