Circuit parameters

I his is the frequency at w hich the surges travel. This frequency can be very high, of the order of 5-100 kHz or more, depending upon the circuit paramelers. The natural frequency of oscillations of the transient recovery voltage of the circuit in terms of circuit parameters can be expres.sed as ... 

L = leakage inductance of the circuit in henry (H ) and C = lumped leakage capacitance of the circuit in farad (F) (L and C being the circuit parameters). 

The shape and characteristies of a surge wave are influenced by the circuit parameters, i.e. the leakage inductanee L of the interconnecting cables and the current-carrying components of the equipment through which it... 

Circuit interruption is a transient condition, as it constitutes abrupt changes in the circuit parameters L and C, which also alter the characteristics of the transient wave and its behaviour. The characteristics of a transient wave depends upon the circuit s surge impedance, which, in turn, depends upon the circuit parameters L and C ... 

It is seen that normally it may not exceed 1.0 due to many factors, such as the secondary may not be open-circuited. and the circuit parameters. L and C. that the arriving surge may have to eneounter with both having a dampening effeet ... 

Network with linear circuit parameters and constant voltage sources... 

If/ . L of cable, transformer and load inductances) and C are the switching circuit parameters then... 

To alter the circuit parameters L and C, reduce the line impedance and hence the voltage drop, and itiso to enhance utilizatioti. i.e. the power ti ansfei capability of the line. 

FIGURE 12.16 Examples for an extrapolation of experimental data to determine eqnivalent circuit parameters under kinetic (a) and diffusional b) reaction control. 

FIG. 6 Complex impedance plots for the electrode reaction of [Fe(CN)6] on bare (open circle) and DNA-modilied (filled circle) An electrodes. An equivalent circuit for the electrode system is shown in the inset and solid lines represent theoretical responses from the circuit. Parameters used in simulation are cited in the text. Electrode potential, + 205 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) AC amplitude, 25 mV (p-p). Other conditions are the same as those in Fig. 5. 

The impedance data were fitted to candidate electrical circuits using the non-linear weighted least-squares fitting program "EQIVCT" developed by Boukamp ( ). Graphical analysis was utilized to furnish reasonable first guesses of the circuit parameters for input to EQIVCT. 

The relation between 7 (7) and Ts(t) can be formally obtained for small temperature changes if all the circuit parameters, in particular the contact resistances, are known. 

Knowing /data operational limits during select and deselect times, it is important that the pixel electrode circuit parameters are carefully designed to balance those two limits and to achieve largest possible /data operational range. 

Yoo S, Domercq B, Kippelen B (2005) Intensity-dependent equivalent circuit parameters of organic solar cells based on pentacene and Cgo- J Appl Phys 97 103706 Mazhari B (2006) An improved solar cell circuit model for organic solar cells. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 90 1021... 

We are setting the parameters for the primary sweep. A primary sweep means that we are changing only one circuit parameter for this simulation. A secondary sweep can be performed inside a primary sweep. For a secondary sweep, we would be changing two circuit parameters in the same simulation. For this example we will demonstrate a linear sweep of one parameter. The voltage source VX will be swept from 0 volts to 25 volts in 1-volt increments. A linear sweep means that points between the beginning and ending values are equally spaced. Fill out the dialog box as shown below ... 

In circuit design, we are sometimes concerned with how a circuit parameter affects performance. There are two ways to vary parameters in PSpice. The first is the DC Sweep, where we vary a parameter rather than a DC voltage. This method generates a single curve. The second is a Parametric Sweep that is run in conjunction with another analysis such as an AC Sweep, DC Sweep, or a Transient Analysis. The second method generates a family of curves. In this section we will demonstrate only the DC Parametric Sweep. Throughout this manual there will be examples using the Parametric Sweep in conjunction with the other analyses. 

Now that we know what the input and output waveforms look like, we will see how changing the collector resistor RC affects the waveform. Return to the schematic. The Parametric Sweep can be used to change the value of any circuit parameter. First we must define the parameter we want to change. Get a part called PARAM and place it in your circuit ... 

Circuit Parameter Approach to the Electrostatic Sensitivity of Primary Explosives , Proclntl-ConfResPrimaryExpls, ERDE, Waltham Abbey, Essex, Engl (17—19 March 1975) 3) Ibid,... 

Two such circuits having different relaxation time constants and connected in series lead to two semicircles as shown in Fig. 2.55(b). As in the case of any other spectroscopic analysis the separate responses may overlap and the experimental curve must then be resolved into its separate constituent semicircles. Impedance spectroscopy makes use of other electrical parameters, including the admittance (Y = Z 1), to assist in quantifying the circuit parameters. 

In passive methods, the quartz crystal is perturbed with a sinusoidal high frequency ac voltage in a few kHz frequency range around resonance. The most commonly used instrument is the Frequency Response Analyser (FRA) at I-lOMHz. Several commercial instruments can measure automatically a range of frequencies and evaluate the BVD circuit parameters. 

The complications and sources of error associated with the polarization resistance method are more readily explained and understood after introducing electrical equivalent circuit parameters to represent and simulate the corroding electrochemical interface (1,16-20). The impedance method is a straightforward approach for analyzing such a circuit. The electrochemical impedance method is conducted in the frequency domain. However, insight is provided into complications with time domain methods given the duality of frequency and time domain phenomena. The simplest form of such a model is shown in Fig. 3a. The three parameters (Rp, Rs, and C d,) that approximate a corroding electrochemical inter-... 

However, although powerful numerical analysis software, e.g., Zview, is available to fit the spectra and give the best values for equivalent circuit parameters, analysis of the impedance data can still be troublesome, because specialized electrochemical processes such as Warburg diffusion or adsorption also contribute to the impedance, further complicating the situation. To set up a suitable model, one requires a basic knowledge of the cell being studied and a fundamental understanding of the behaviour of cell elements. 

The simplest case for estimating the initial values of the circuit parameters is when the semicircle arcs in the impedance spectrum are not overlapping. In this situation the charge-transfer resistance, Rct, can be estimated using the intercepts of the arc with the real axis, and the associated double-layer capacitance, Cdh is then obtained from mm r. = peak value of the frequency. 

Effects of Equivalent Circuit Parameters on Nyquist Plots... 

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