Surge wave

The shape and characteristies of a surge wave are influenced by the circuit parameters, i.e. the leakage inductanee L of the interconnecting cables and the current-carrying components of the equipment through which it... 

Three different types of turbulent flow may be obtained in open channels. They are tranquil flow, rapid flow, and critical flow. In tranquil flow the velocity is less than that at which some disturbance, such as a surge wave, will be transmitted, and the flow is influenced by conditions at both the upstream and the downstream end of the channel. In rapid flow, the velocity of the fluid is greater than the velocity of a surge wave and the... 

Surges represent a serious hazard for the low coasts of the Kerch Strait. For example, during the hurricane of 28-29 October 1969, a surge wave fully flooded a coastal band a few kilometers wide. The surge height exceeded 3 m. The flood was accompanied by the destruction of near-shore constructions and communications and human losses. 

The types of GDIE in China are plentiful and various and among them, the main types are slope instability, surface rupture, sand Liquefaction, debris flow and ground deformation, and secondary are collapses by seismic and barrier lake induced by earthquake with overflow, and seismic surge wave, tsunami and reservoir induced earthquake are rare types in China. 

Numerical models have been developed for calculating the probable maximum seiche in the form of the amplitude of oscillation as a function of time at any point within a bay of arbitrary shape. These models usually require as input a specification of the overall geometry (bathymetry and coastal topography) and of the forcing wave system. They also require as input the time dependence of the excitation (tsunami wave, surge wave, wind wave etc.) at the open boundary or source location. The amplitude time history of the seiches for the location of the plant should then be calculated. Hydraulic model studies and/or field results should be used to validate the calculation model selected. 

For a permeable core, however, a maximum is reached for Ru2%/Hm0 = 1-97. The physical explanation for this is that if the slope becomes very steep (large 1,0-value) and the core is impermeable, the surging waves slowly run up and down the slope, and all the water stays in the armor layer, leading to a fairly high run-up. The surging wave actually does not feel the roughness anymore and acts as a wave on a very steep smooth slope. For a permeable core, however, the water can penetrate into the core which decreases the actual run-up to a constant maximum (the horizontal line in Fig. 15.4). 

P °- /cot a for surging waves ( rn > 2.5), is the Iribarren number based on mean wave period and P is the notional structure permeability. Later, van der Meer and Janssen provided a simpler expression for the runup distribution at dikes the shape parameter is constant k2 = 2, i.e., the distribution is Rayleighian, and the location parameter is proportional to incident wave height k = 0.81 7 /f /f3 min(76 op, 2) Hgi. The Rayleigh distribution fits in any case rather well the distribution of runup. 

No specific formula exists so far to estimate the overtopping discharge at LCBs. The widely adopted formula for surging waves by van der Meer... 

Bolonkin A. A. (2006b). Cheap textile dam protection of seaport cities against hurricane storm surge waves, tsunamis, and other weather-related floods, http //arxiv.org/ftp/physics/ papers/0701/0701059.pdf... 

The maximum pressure surge is obtained when the valve closes in less time than the period T required for the pressure wave to travel from the valve to the pipe inlet and back, a total distance of 2L. 

Circuit interruption is a transient condition, as it constitutes abrupt changes in the circuit parameters L and C, which also alter the characteristics of the transient wave and its behaviour. The characteristics of a transient wave depends upon the circuit s surge impedance, which, in turn, depends upon the circuit parameters L and C ... 

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