Chrysanthemum flowers

Chrysanthemic acid (obtained from chrysanthemum flowers)... 

We ve discussed only open-chain compounds up to this point, but most organic compounds contain rings of carbon atoms. Chcysanthemic acid, for instance, whose esters occur naturally as the active insecticidal constituents of chrysanthemum flowers, contains a three-membered (cyclopropane) ring. 

Triterpene diols and triols Chrysanthemum flower SiOj Hx + AcOEt - Eood analysis 56 Q... 

Pyrethroids are a class of synthetic insecticides designed and optimized based on the structure of the pyrethrins found in natural pyrethrum extracted from chrysanthemum flowers [1, 2], Pyrethroids are widely used to control insect pests in agriculture and public health because of their relative safety for humans and high insecticidal potency [3]. 

The newest class of insecticide, pyrethroids, is loosely based upon the naturally occurring pyrethrum derived from chrysanthemum flowers. Synthetic pyrethroids were developed in the 1980s but the naturally occurring pyrethrum was first commercially used in the 1800s. The chemical structure of pyrethroids is quite different from organochlorines and organophosphates, but the primary site of... 

Chrysanthemum boreale (Makino) Makino C. indicum L. C. lavandulaefolium (Fisch.) Mak. C. procumbens Lour. C. tripartium Sw. Ye Jiu Hua (Chrysanthemum) (flower, petal) Alpha-pinene, limonene, carvone, cineol, camphore, bomeol, chrysanthinin, yejuhualactone, chrysanthemaxanthin.33 Antibacterial, relieve headache, insomnia, and dizziness due to high blood pressure. 

Chrysanthemum cinerriaefolium Visiont Chu Gu Jiu (Chrysanthemum) (flower) Essential oil, adenine, choline, stachydrine.60 Used as insecticides. 

Chrysanthemum jucundum Nakai Kitag. C. koraiense Nakai C. morifolium Ramat. C. sinense Sabine. Jiu Hua (Chrysanthemum) (flower) Bomol, chrysanthemin, camphor, stachydrine, choline, acacetin-7-rhamnoglucoside, cosmosiin, acacetin-7-glucoside, diosmetin-7-glucoside, adenine.33 Antipyretic, antitoxin, remedy for common cold, headache, dizziness, red eye, swelling, hypertension. 

Chrysanthemum flower receptacle, cucumber leaf, yellow squash, corn kernel, apple, potato 366 Cilazapril 59... 

Pyrethrum is an extract of dried chrysanthemum flowers. The extract contains about 50% active insecticidal ingredients known as pyrethrins. The ke-toalcoholic esters of chrysanthemic and pyrethroic acids are known as pyrethrins, cinerins, and jasmolins. These strongly lipophilic esters rapidly penetrate many insects and paralyze their nervous systems. Both crade pyrethrum... 

A shell ascends displaying some small effects thunders, small flowers, smoke etc. one after another on the trajectory. When the shell reaches the maximum height, it displays a round chrysanthemum flower the colour of the flower changes from one effect to another. When the flower goes out, a flare of bright light remains. 

Control . Spray superior oil (not on chrysanthemum flowers) spray with pyrethrin as a last resort. 

With regard to ectoparasiticides, public health and environmental concerns have led to the withdrawal of the organochlorines and organophos-phates in many countries. Since Elliot (1973) reported the first photostable synthetic pyrethroid, these compounds have both replaced the naturaUy occurring pyrethrins (extracted from chrysanthemum flowers) and progressively become the mainstay of external parasite control programs. 

Biopesticides Pesticides derived from natural materials (an example being pyrethrum, which is an extract of dried chrysanthemum flowers). 

Properties Viscous liquid. Bp 170° (0.1 mm) decomposes. A natural insecticide obtained by extraction of chrysanthemum flowers native to Kenya, Ecuador, and Japan. The solvent used is a hydrocarbon of the kerosene type. Pyrethrum is also made synthetically. Not compatible with alkaline material. The chief constituents are pyrethrins I and II and cinerins I and II. These compounds are nonvolatile and very slightly soluble in water. 

Chrysanthemum flowers are extracted with an organic solvent and the crude extract is further extracted with methanol and then reextracted with normal hexane when the pyrethrum concentrate is formed. The concentrate predominantly consists of pyrethrins which are a mixture of esters of... 

As mentioned earlier, pyrethrum is an extract from chrysanthemum flowers which contains a mixture of natural compounds including pyrethrins. Pyrethrin powder has been used for many years as an insecticide in domestic applications. Com-poimds having similar structures and properties have now been synthesized as pyrethroids which are cheaper than natural pyr-ethrums and more potent. They are even more effective in treating sea lice infestations on solomon and other sea water flsh. 

Parts of carnation and chrysanthemum flowers amino acids, urea nh3 Uchiyama and Rechnitz (1987)... 

Sevan and Marshall (25) and Castiom et al. (26) have reviewed the applications of SFE in the extraction of natural products. Applications in the pharmaceutical industry include extraction from plant materials, extraction from fermentation broths, and crystallization from supercritical fluid solutions. Good reviews are available in the literature (27,28). Stahl et al., among others, describe the extraction of chamomile and chrysanthemum flowers as well as calamus, turmeric, and valerian roots for pharmaceutically active components (16). 

Insecticides such as permethrin, benzyl benzoate, lindane, and pyrethrin have been used to treat lice. Pyrethrins are insecticides initially derived from certain species of chrysanthemum flowers. Synthetic pyrethroid insecticide is more stable with a similar activity and low mammalian toxicity and is called permethrin. Lindane (1,2,3,4,5,6 hexachlorocyclohexane) and benzyl benzoate have also been used as pediculocides. Lice infection is spread by direct contact or by wearing the clothing of an infected person. The control of secondary bacterial infection may require an antibiotic. 

Organophosphorus pesticides have been the insecticides most commonly used by professional pest control bodies and homeowners for the past three decades (Jeannot and Dagnac 2006). Nevertheless, the decision of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to phase out certain uses of the organophosphate insecticides because of their potentially toxic effects to humans has led to their gradual replacement by other pesticides. Among them, synthetic pyrethroids have been manufactured since 1950 s based upon the structure of natural pyrethrins, which are chemicals with active insecticidal properties in the pyrethrum extract (a mixture of chemicals found in certain chrysanthemum flowers). Pyrethrins are very unstable in the environment, due to oxidation and UV-radiation. 

Z. Zhang, J. Deng, L. Yu, and M. Wan, Chrysanthemum flower-Uke constructed polyaniline nanofibers synthesized by adding inorganic salts as additives, Synth Met, 158, 712-716 (2008). 

---