Chondroitin effects

Giucosamine and chondroitin Effective against arthritis and other joint diseases... 

Danaparoid (Orgaran mean MW, 6,000 Da) is a mixture of nonheparin glycosaminoglycans derived from pig gut (dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate). Die anti-Xa/anti-IIa ratio (22 1) is even greater than seen with LMWH. Die anti-IIa effect may be mediated in part by dermatan sulfate, which catalyzes thrombin inhibition by heparin cofactor II. 

Chondroitin Chondroitin sulfate, chondroitin sulfuric acid, chonsurid Arthritis None significant if used as directed Because chondroitin is concentrated in cartilage, theoretically it produces no toxic or teratogenic effects. 

Chitosan freeze-dried fleeces support chondrocyte attachment and synthesis of extracellular matrix [344]. Chitosan was used to assist the spontaneous tissue repair of the meniscus [345]. The repair of the cartilage and the prevention of its degradation in osteoarthritis is, however, possible with the association of glucosamine sulfate salt and chondroitine sulfate, the latter being particularly effective [346]. 

The landmark National Institutes of Health (NIH) study comparing glucosamine, chondroitin, glucosamine plus chondroitin, celecoxib, and placebo for OA was published recently.26 Glucosamine, chondroitin, and their combination were no more effective than placebo in decreasing pain symptoms in 1583 patients with knee OA after 24 weeks. 

Celecoxib, however, was effective. In the subgroup of patients with moderate to severe OA pain, the combination of glucosamine and chondroitin appeared to have a moderate effect, although this subgroup analysis must be interpreted with caution. On the other hand, a European study (the GUIDE trial) that compared a prescription glucosamine product with acetaminophen and placebo in patients with knee OA reported that glucosamine performed better versus placebo than did acetaminophen.27... 

Glucosamine adverse effects are mild and include GI gas, bloating, and cramps it should not be used in patients with shellfish allergies. The most common adverse effect of chondroitin is nausea. 

The downfield displacement of the C-6 resonance of chondroitin on O-sulfation was 6.5 p.p.m., close to the 6.6 p.p.m. observed on 6-0-substitution of 3-D-glucose.152 As may be seen from Table VI, O-sulfation of a,j8-D-glucose and methyl 3-O-methyl-a-D-mannopyranoside153 causes a strong, downfield shift of the substituted resonance that is accompanied by smaller, upfield displacements of the signals of adjacent carbon atoms. Other, more-distant, substitution effects were not observed, except for the C-2 and OMe-3 signals on 4-O-sulfation of the D-mannopyranoside derivative. 

Glucosamine is an amino sugar derivative occurring naturally in healthy tendons, ligaments and cartilage. Its use has been shown to be effective in the symptomatic relief of osteoarthritis, especially in combination with chondroitin, also a derivative of cartilage. 

Artificial skin had been made from a bilayer fabricated from a cross-linked mixture of bovine hide, collagen, and chondroitin-B-sulfate derived from shark cartilage with a thin top layer of siloxane. The siloxane layer acts as a moisture- and oxygen-permeable support and to protect the lower layer from the outer world allowing skin formation to occur in conjunction with the lower layer. Poly(amino acid) films have also been used as an artificial skin. Research continues in search of a skin that can be effectively used to cover extensive wounds and for burn patients. 

Nishi has found that chondroitin sulfate A and C are more effective in the resolution of basic drugs than dextran or dextrin and even dextran sulfate because of additional ionic interactions with sulfate or carboxylic groups. The small ionic character of chondroitin sulfate C leads to large enantiose-lectivity under acidic conditions, whereas heparin was not so effective. Using neutral polysaccharides, only hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding may occur (117). 

Scully, M. F., Ellis, V., Seno, N., and Kakkar, V. V. (1988). Effect of oversulphated chondroitin and dermatan sulphate upon thrombin and factor Xa inactivation by antithrombin III or heparin cofactor II. Biochem. J. 254,547-551. 

Model building in the computer is used to analyze the conformational effects of steric interactions between atoms of the polymer skeleton for x-carrageenan, t-carrageenan, A-carrageenan, agar, chondroltin, chondroitin sulfates, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, and related polysaccharides. Over 99% of the conformations are thus excluded and virtually all of the remainder for each polysaccharide lie close together. Predictions are also made from disaccharide crystal structures and checked against experimental results. 

C. K. Silbert, D. E. Humphries, M. E. Palmer, and J. E. Silbert, Effects of sulfate deprivation on the production of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate by cultures of skin fibroblast from normal and diabetic individuals. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 285 (1991) 137-141. 

Consequently, it appears that glucosamine and chondroitin supplements are certainly worth a trial for many patients with osteoarthritis. Some gastrointestinal problems may occur, but these supplements are usually well tolerated. Although these supplements are available over-the-counter in the United States, people with osteoarthritis should consult their physician and pharmacist before self-administration. Likewise, patients should be educated on the proper dosage, and should be reminded that these products may need to be consumed for several weeks or months before beneficial effects become apparent. Long-term studies on the effects of these supplements are currently being conducted, and clinicians should try to stay abreast of any new information about the potential benefits of glucosamine and chondroitin. 

Finally, the use of DMOADs (viscosupplementation, glucosamine, chondroitin) to restore joint function in osteoarthritis is fairly new, and it is not clear if these techniques will have any side effects that will have a direct impact on physical rehabilitation. Likewise, it remains to be seen if there are any rehabilitation techniques (exercise, physical agents) that could enhance the effectiveness of DMOADs. It is hoped that these techniques will work synergistically with physical therapy to improve function in patients with osteoarthritic joints. 

Crocker sarcoma and Mecca lymphosarcoma tumors were found to accumulate the radioselenium slowly and continuously in contrast to rapid uptake and clearance of the label from most normal organs. Clinically, the affinity of tumors for selenium has been the basis for utilizing a radioactive nuclide of selenium as a tumor localizing agent (62, 64) The reason for the localization of selenium is not readily apparent but may reflect enhanced division rates, protein and chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis, or a decrease in the detoxification of selenium. An outgrowth of these observations has been to examine the in vitro effects of selenium supplementation on cellular propagation. 

When extracting chondroitin sulfate from salmon head cartilage, collagen inevitably accompanies it. In this extraction process, from a pharmaceutical point of view, collagen is considered as an impurity. This is a kind of contradiction because if we administrate chondroitin sulfate and collagen simultaneously, the result will be beneficial and effective. Most marine bioresources contain many health beneficial compounds even in the same tissues. For this reason, we should design sequential extraction processes of those useful compounds from the most value added to the poorly valued compounds. For example, the first step for pharmaceutical use should be the mild extraction of compounds. And the final step should extract materials for fertilizers. 

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