Chondrodendron

Chondrodendron candicans (L. C. Rich.) Sandw. C. iquitanum Diels C. limaciifolium (Diels) Mold. C. polyanthum Diels C. tomento-sum, Ruiz and Pavon. 

Of these authenticated species, Chondrodendron candicans and C. tomento-sum have been examined by King (pp. 364, 376) and the results of work by Wintersteiner and Duteher and by King on curares described as made from C. tomentosum are given below. 

Para, Tube or Bamboo Curare. This variety was packed in sections of bamboo, but this almost traditional information needs modification since tube curare became a commercial article. It is now a viscous, solid or even powdered extract, exported in sealed tins. In view of the relationship established between bebeerine, curine, and tubocurarhie, the active alkaloid of this variety of curare, the suggestion was made, first by Spath, Leithe and Ladeck, and more definitely by King that its botanical source should be sought among the Brazilian Menispermaceae, and as shown later the search for the source of the d-tubocurarine found in this variety of curare has been narrowed down to Chondrodendron tomentosum, or possibly a closely related species liable to be confused with it. 

Alkaloids of Chondrodendron tomentosum. Butcher has examined a curare prepared by Indians of the Upper Amazon, in which the only plant used was Chondrodendron tomentosum, Ruiz and Pavon. From it he isolated the known alkaloids, d-tjochondrodendrine (p. 365), d-wochondro-... 

These results seemed to establish with certainty that the active component of tube curare is derived from Chondrodendron tomentosum, but the matter again became doubtful when King reported that in the stems of a carefully authenticated specimen of the plant, collected at Tarapoto in Peru, he had found 1-curine and Z-tubocurarine chloride. This is the first recorded natural occurrence of the latter and seems to indicate either that the alkaloidal components of the plant are not constant in character, or that the botanical description of Chondrodendron tomentosum covers two species containing the dextro- and Icevo- quaternary alkaloids respectively. 

Chondrodendron polyanthum, 371 Chondrodendron tomentosum, 363, 371, 373, 377, 391 alkaloids, 376 Chondrodine, 363, 364 Chondrofoline, 364, 365 Chrycentrine, 172, 313 Chiysanthemine, 773 Chrysanthemum cineraricefoHum, 773 Chuchuara, 781 Chuehuhuasha, 781 Cicuta virosa, 13 Cinchamidine, 419, 429 Cinchene, 439 Cinchenine, 438, 439, 440 apoCinchenine, 440, 441 Cincholoipon, 438 Cincholoiponic acid, 438, 443 Cinchomeronic acid, 183 Cinchona alkaloid structure, synthesis, 457 Cinchona alkaloids, bactericidal action of some derivatives, 478 centres of asymmetry, 445 constitution, 435 formulae and characters of transformation products, 449, 451 general formula, 443 hydroxydihydro-bases, 448, 452-4 melting-points and specific rotations, 446... 

Chondrodendron tomentosum plant Picric acid Hydrogen chloride... 

The initial step involves extraction of the stems and bark of the plant Chondrodendron tomentosum with water as the solvent. 

By extraction from Chondrodendron tomentosum (Ampi Huasca) and purification via the picrate. Reference(s) ... 

D-tubocurarine from Chondrodendron tomentosum Ruiz et Pav. and Rauvolfia serpentina Benth. et Kurz and horse radish peroxidase 3 mg/ml, which prevent the peroxide formation, block the fruit formation as a whole, while yohimbine and gaillardine inhibit the seed formation. Neostigmine stimulates the fruit and seed yield, although its precursor physostigmine has no significant effect (Roshchina and Melnikova, 1998). 

Chondrodendron tomentosum plant. It initially produced motor weakness followed by flaccid paralysis after parenteral administration. The paralysis occurs in following order e.g. paralysis of fingers, toes, eyes, ears producing diplopia, speech slurring, difficulty in swallowing the muscles of neck, limb, trunk, paralysis of diaphragm and death occur due to hypoxia. 

Source active agent derived from the bark of various subspecies of South American Strychnos and Chondrodendron. 

The arrow poison curare, when produced from Chondrodendron species (Menispermaceae), contains principally the bis-benzyltetrahydroisoquino-line alkaloid tubocurarine (see page 324). Species of Strychnos, especially S. toxifera, are employed in making loganiaceous curare, and biologically active alkaloids isolated from such preparations have been identified as a series of toxiferines, e.g. C-toxiferine (Figure 6.85). The structures appear remarkably complex, but may be envisaged as a combination of two Wieland-Gumlich... 

A sample of Peruvian curare [possibly derived from Chondrodendron toxiferum (Wedd.) Kruk, et Mold. (Menispermaceae)] provided (R,5)-nor-M -chondrocurine (492),... 

Bisbenzylisoquinolines (macrocyclic or linear, formed by 2 benzylisoquinolines) (+)-tubocurarine (macrocyclic) (acetylcholine (nicotinic) receptor antagonist and skeletal muscle relaxant major component of Chondrodendron species (Menispermaceae) pareira bark-derived curare arrow poison) dauricine (linear) (Menispermaceae curarelike anaesthetic) rodiasine (macrocyclic) (Ocotoea venenosa (Lauraceae) curare-like skeletal muscle relaxant) cepharanthine (macrocyclic) (Stephania species (Menispermaceae) anti-mycobacterial active against leprosy and tuberculosis). 

Guatteria megalophylla (Annonaceae), Heracleum wallichi (Apiaceae), Chondrodendron tomentosum [bark], Epinetrum cordfolium, E. mangenotii,... 

Tubocurarine (= curare Chondrodendron tomentosum active principle) (curare, pareira), C. spp... 

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