Hypo-chlorous acid

This compound is similar in type to the sodium acet-bromoamide, CHjCONNaBr, which is an intermediate compound in Hofmann s amine synthesis (p. 127). If a weak acid (such as acetic acid) is now added to the solution of the chloro-sodio-amide, the latter compound reacts with the hypo-chlorous acid giving the sulphon-dichloro amide, which being insoluble in water, rapidly separates ... 

BrCHisCHjBr + 2NaOH —> HOCHjCHisOH + 2NaBr Industrially, it is produced directly from ethylene by the addition of hypo, chlorous acid, followed by treatment of the resulting ethylene chlorohydrin with sodium bicarbonate solution ... 

XU a highly electronegative atom such as CL This draws electrons away from the oxygen atom and makes hypo chlorous acid stronger than hypoiodous add. 

The hypochlorite ion, a weak base, can react further with water to generate hypo-chlorous acid (HOC1) and hydroxide ions (OH-) that raise the pH of the pool water ... 

Chlorine dioxide can be formed out of the chlorite by either of the reactions described by Equation 25.3 or 25.8. Equation 25.1 describes the chlorite formation. The chlorine concentration in the liquid is normally very low as the reaction with caustic (Equation 25.4) is very fast. The concentration of chlorine and/or hypo-chlorous acid HOCl can increase on depletion of hydroxide ions in the liquid. As in step two of the hypochlorite unit, the caustic concentration is in the order of 4-10 g l-1 and it is possible to conclude that at the gas-liquid interface the concentration might be quite low owing to the fast reaction with chlorine. 

This is the reaction by which sodium chlorate is manufactured commercially. In the present context, however, the formation of chlorates is generally undesirable since they tend to be explosive and toxic. The reaction given by Equation 26.2 is strongly affected by pH and temperature as well as the hypochlorite ion concentration. As the alkali becomes exhausted, and the system is thus over-chlorinated, the rate of chlorate formation is greatly accelerated as the reaction becomes auto-catalysed by hypo-chlorous acid. The acid is formed by... 

Ethylene and Propylene Oxides. Ethylene oxide (26) and its derivatives are among the important aliphatic chemicals the 1950 production amounted to between 400,000,000 and 500,000,000 pounds. The chlorohydrin process was introduced in the early 1920 s and the direct oxidation process in the 1930 s, both based on ethylene. In the older process, the one most used today, the ethylene reacts in solution with hypo-chlorous acid at room temperature. 

Add a dilute solution of sulphuric acid to the test tube up to an acid reaction. Did the odour of the solution change Write the equation of the reaction. Explain the results obtained. How can a hypo-chlorous acid solution be prepared What kinds of transformations are typical of hypochlorous acid What conditions facilitate each kind of transformation ... 

Electrophilic addition of Cl., and In tn nlkenes is similar in mechanism to the electrophilic addition of Br0.46 The rate of chlorination in acetic acid is second-order, first-order each in olefin and in chlorine.47 Predominantly anti addition to alkyl-substituted double bonds occurs, indicating that a chloronium ion is formed.48 Further evidence for the chloronium ion is that addition of hypo-chlorous acid to double bonds is not entirely regiospecific. For example, addition to propene gives 91 percent of the Markownikoff product 29, and 9 percent of the anti-Markownikoff product, 30. Phenyl-substituted alkenes give a mixture of syn and anti adducts with Cl2 as they do with Br2.49... 

C1)2N.CN4(C6H4C1), C7H4N5C13 mw 264.51 N 26.48%. Prepn is by reacting 5g of 1-amino 5-o-Chlorophenyl Tetrazole, wetted with ethanol, with 600cc of aq hypo chlorous acid soln, filtering off the product and washing it in ice-w. 

Isocyanurates hydrolyze to release chlorine and produce hypo-chlorous acid, as shown in the equation that follows the structures of... 

Since the equilibrium of the reaction (XI-12) in a neutral medium is considerably shifted toward the left side of the equation and, moreover, hypo-chlorous acid is a very weak acid the quantity of hypochlorite ions formed by dissociation is negligible and so does not practically influence the course of the anodic processes. 

The second reaction is due to hydrolysis of the dissolved chlorine which proceeds according to equations (XI-12) and (XI-13) under formation of hypo-chlorous acid and hypochlorite ions. As has already been stated hypochlorite ions are not stable products of electrolysis because they are easily oxidized at the anode to chlorate ions under the simultaneous evolution of oxygen [see equation (XI-14)] this occurs even at a relatively low concentration of hypochlorite ions. 

Raw materials are diluted hydroxide solution containing some 18—20 per cent of NaOH, and electrochemically produced chlorine (it is also possible to use tail gas, escaping from condensers in the liquefaction of chlorine). Chlorination proceeds in two immediately subsequent stages. At first, chloride and hypo-chlorous acid are formed ... 

Korte A process for retting flax or hemp by treatment with hydrochloric acid, then with hypo-chlorous acid, and then neutralizing. 

Allmand and Franklin studied the photochemistry of HCI-O2 mixtures, and their results corroborated those of earlier workers, particularly those of Richardson . For concentrated aqueous solutions, reaction occurred with radiation between 2540 and 3650 A, the products being CI2 and presumably hypo-chlorous acid. At 2600 A the quantum efficiency was about 0.2, but it fell off at longer wavelengths. For gaseous mixtures no reaction took place unless the mixtures were saturated with water vapor presumably the reaction occurred in a water film and not in the gas phase. 

The decomposition in acidic solution may be second- or third-order in hypo-chlorous acid. A series of studies by Skrabal et o/. , with the evaluation of the value of the acid dissociation constant for HOCl by kinetic measurements as their goal, noted that the reaction order decreases from three to two as the acidity decreases . It was claimed that, in almost neutral solution, the rate equation... 

At high dil., therefore, the conductivity is not far from that of hydrochloric acid. A. A. Jakowldn s explanation turns on the assumption, for which there is much confirmatory evidence, that in aq. soln., the chlorine is hydrolyzed forming hypo-chlorous acid, HOCl, and hydrochloric acid Cl2+H20 HCl+HOCl, and the high conductivity, with highly dil. soln. shows that the hydrolysis is nearly complete. According to A. A. Jakowkin, about one-tenth of the chlorine in a sat. soln. at 0° is hydrolyzed. 

P. Grouvelle (1821) observed that a mol. of barium hydroxide absorbs two gram-atoms of chlorine, forming a product from which all the chlorine is expelled by carbon dioxide in two days. A. J. Balard (1834) says that the direct combination of hypo chlorous acid with the powerful bases is accompanied by the development of much heat, and if the temp, is allowed to rise, the hypochlorite which may be formed changes into chlorate and chloride. By neutralizing a well-cooled soln. of the base wuth hypochlorous acid, A. J, Balard prepared soln. of calcium, strontium, and barium hypochlorites, the existence of which, he said, is incontestable and added that calcium and barium hypochlorites serve for the preparation of other hypo-... 

Thermochemistry of the oxychlorine acids.— Perchloric acid is not so powerful an oxidizing agent as chloric acid, and this in turn is less vigorous than hypo chlorous acid. This agrees with the stability of the respective acids, and is in accord with the fact that a greater amount of available energy per atom of available oxygen is associated with hypochlorous acid than with either chloric or perchloric acid. For instance, the thermochemical equations are represented ... 

Another molecule with mode-specific fragmentation dynamics is hypo-chlorous acid,... 

Problem 11.5 Certain activated benzene rings can be chlorinated by hypo-chlorous acid, HOC), and tlrs reaction is catalyzed by In light of the above discussion, can you suggest a possible function of ... 

Dallegri F, Goretti R, Ballestrero A, Ottonello L, Patrone F. 1988. Neutrophil-induced depletion of adenosine triphosphate in target cells evidence for a hypo-chlorous acid-mediated process. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 112 765-72... 

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