Chlorine-containing toxicity

Ensure that the laboratory in which the apparatus is housed is well ventilated and is provided with an adequate exhaust system having air-tight joints on the discharge side some organic solvents, especially those containing chlorine, give toxic products in a flame. 

Toxic gas emissions. Usually concentrated chlorine-containing gases or other harmful vapors released by accident. 

Partial what-if analyses for the two example processes described in Section 4.0 are shown in Tables 4.9 and 4.10. Although for actual, more complex analyses, the what-if tables for each line or vessel would be separate, for these examples, a single table was developed. A preliminary hazard analysis (PHA) would identify that the intrinsic hazards associated with HF are its reactivity (including reactivity with water, by solution), corrosivity (including carbon steel, if wet), toxicity via inhalation and skin contact, and environmental toxicity. The N2 supply system pressure is not considered in this example. The specific effects of loss of containment could be explicitly stated in the "loss of HF containment" scenarios identified. Similarly, the effects of loss of chlorine containment, including the reactivity and toxicity of chlorine, could be specified for the second example. 

Kraft mill using 100% chlorine dioxide New and old wood pulp bleaching employing various bleach sequences Coastal fish community Mesocosm and fish biomarker tests High levels of mortality and low embryo quality Elemental chlorine containing bleach sequence, CEHDED was the most toxic Sandstrom, 1994 [25] Tana et ah, 1994 [26]... 

In addition, chlorine derivatives are important as intermediates in the chemical industry, and there are numerous chlorine-containing pharmaceuticals for which no substitutes are presently available. Furthermore, organochlorine compounds, some very toxic, do occur naturally on a large scale. Clearly, however, we must endeavor to avoid adding unnecessarily to the natural load of toxins as the old adage goes, it is the dose that makes the poison.4 Certainly, problems exist that require an intelligent and chemically informed resolution, but the total ban advocated by some on the use of chlorine and chlorinated compounds is neither necessary nor acceptable. 

The Kraft process that is widely used in wood pulping leaves behind 5% to 8% by weight of residual modified lignin in the pulp. This residual is responsible for the characteristic brown color of the pulp and is commercially removed by the use of bleaching agents such as chlorine and chlorine oxides [32], Bleaching operations produce dark-brown effluents that contain toxic and mutagenic chlorinated products that constitute an environmental... 

Ergot Alkaloids.—The two toxic, chlorine-containing metabolites earlier obtained from Penicillium islandicum found growing on freshly dug green peanuts are accompanied by two non-chlorinated analogues, identified35 as rugulovasines A... 

United States because they build up in the environment and can cause harmful health effects, they are still in use in many other countries. Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (dioxins) (Fu et ah, 2003) consist of 210 different compounds that have similar chemical properties (Bhandari and Xia, 2005). This class of compounds is persistent, toxic, and bioaccumulative. They are generated as by-products during incomplete combustion of chlorine containing wastes such as municipal solid waste, sewage sludge, and hospital and hazardous wastes (Bhandari and Xia, 2005). PCBs were widely used in the past and now contaminate many industrial and natural areas. 

The majority of phenols, especially those containing chlorine, are toxic to microorganisms. However, the majority of phenols are too phytotoxic to permit their use as agricultural fungicides. They are widely used as industrial fungicides. Dinocap, a mixture of several compounds, was first introduced in 1946 as a non-systemic aphidde and contact fungicide. Dinocap is used to control powdery mildew on major horticultural crops. Unlike the herbicide DNOC and other chlorinated phenols, dinocap has relatively low mammalian toxicity. 

Phosgene dissolves large quantities of various other toxic agents. Thus, at 0 C, it will form a solution of chlorine containing 6.63% of the latter, and at -15 C, 20.57%. At higher temperatures, the solubility of Clj in COCIj is apparently less. Mustard gas and diphenylchloroarsine also dissolve in phosgene [2146]. More details of the important COClj-Clj and COClj-HCI systems will be found in Sections 6.6.3 and 6.6.4, respectively. 

---