Chlorinated toxicity

Fig. 7. Toxicity of chlorine to aquatic organisms, (a) Time-dependent mortaUty (50%) of four example species in various levels of total residual chlorine in the laboratory, where for A, A.losa aestivalis and B, Salmogairdnerii r (correlation coefficient of the curve) = —0.96 and for C, P/euroneetesplatessa and D, Salmo trutta r = —0.98. (b) A summary of chlorine toxicity to freshwater species, indicating overall no-effect thresholds for acute and chronic exposures. Numbers indicate where more than one test yielded the same result. A different summary figure appHes to marine organisms because of differences in the...

TCDD toxicity, obviously, depends on the fact that four lateral positions in the molecule are occupied with chlorine. Toxicity is reduced with lateral replacement and increase in total replacement with chlorine. [3],... 

Jain, Kiran. Technical Data on Some Chemicals, HOBr Generation Using Sodium Bromide and Chlorine, Toxicity Assessments, Simazine, Chlorine Dioxide. Various technical papers, USA, 1993. 

Eklund G, Pedersen JR, Stromberg B. 1986. Phenol and HC1 at 550 degrees yield a large variety of chlorinated toxic compounds. Nature 320 155-156. 

Additional studies on chlorine toxicity in animals and, possibly, on human volunteers are needed to better define the health effects of chlorine gas exposure at 0.5-5 ppm, 24 h/d up to 7-10 d. Long-term exposure data for humans and animals is needed to approximate a disabled submarine situation. These studies should include evaluation of short-term effects on pulmonary function and long term effects such as pulmonary fibrosis. As is the case for all irritant toxic gases reviewed in this report. 

Hazard Highly flammable, dangerous fire risk, reacts violently with oxidizing materials including chlorine. Toxic by inhalation, strong irritant. TLV 0.1 ppm. 

Green AES. Wagner JC, Mahadevan S. 1992. Chlorinated toxics from incineration. FACT Am Soc Meeh Eng 15(Ai) 49-56. 

Reactions with cyanides and sulfides generate hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen sulfide, respectively. Reaction with acetylene produces ethylene dichloride. Many chlorinated toxic compounds, such as dibenzodiox-ins and dibenzofurans, may be formed from HCl and phenol. However, such reactions may occur only at very high temperatures [550°C (1022°F)] during the incineration of wastes (Eklund et al. 1986) and not from inadvertent mixing of HCl and phenol. 

Klonne and associates (1987) have reported a 1-year inhalation toxicity study of chlorine in rhesus monkeys. Exposure to 2.3 ppm chlorine caused ocular irritation during the daily exposures. Histopathological changes were observed in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal passages and trachea. These changes, however, were mild at the foregoing level of exposures. Monkeys were less sensitive to chlorine toxicity than were rats. 

Martinez TT, Long C (1995) Explosion risk from swimming pool chlorinators and review of chlorine toxicity. Clin Toxicol 33 349-354... 

Davies, P. and Hymes, I., Chlorine toxicity criteria for hazard assessment. The Chemical Engineer, 30 (June 1985)... 

P. Davies, I. Hymes "Chlorine toxicity criteria for hazard assessment, Chem. Eng., June 1985, 30-33. 

Squadrito, G.L., Postlethwait, E.M., Matalon, S., 2010. Elucidating mechanisms of chlorine toxicity reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, and physiological implications. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 299, L289-L300. 

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