Steam cylinder oil

In order to verify these facts, measurements were performed in three geometrically similar copper cylinders with D = 30.0 37.8 and 47.2 mm and five different liquids (glycerol, superheated steam cylinder oil, silicone oil Baysilon M 1.000, Desmophen 1.100 and HD oil SAE 90). The standard representation of their material functions i(T) almost corresponds well (see Example 11). 

Fig. 69 shows the (Fo) curves for heating and cooling of superheated steam cylinder oil at constant values of GrPr but two different yoAT values. Because y0AT is not constant, the respective curves do not correlate, this being documented in Fig. 70. This shows the temperature courses of four different liquids. These were measured at GrPr= idem and y0AT = idem but display different Pr and po/yo values.

If the crude oil used for the manufacture of lubricating oils contained asphalt, it was necessary to acid treat the steam-refined oil before cold settling. Acid-treated, settled steam-refined stock was widely used as steam cylinder oils. 

One of my significant patents was on delayed coking. One of my later patents relates to lowering the pour point of steam cylinder oils. We used to take the dirtiest stuff such as low grade asphalt to lower the pour point. As soon as I became associate director of research at Standard Oil, my flow of patents came to a halt. 

An emulsion is an intimate mixture of oil and water, generally of a milky or cloudy appearance. Emulsions may be of two types oil-in-water (where water is the continuous phase) and water-in-oil (where water is the discontinuous phase). Oil-in-water emulsions are used as cutting fluids because of the need for the cooling effect of the water. Water-in-oil emulsions are used where the oil, not the water, must contact a surface-as in rust preventives, non-flammable hydraulic fluids, and compounded steam cylinder oils such emulsions are sometimes referred to as inverse emulsions. Emulsions are produced by adding an emulsifier. Emulsibility is not a desirable characteristic in certain lubricating oils, such as crankcase or turbine oils, that must separate from water readily. Unwanted emulsification can occur as a result of oxidation products--which are usually polar compounds—or other contaminants in the oil. 

In order to minimize the wear of the mandrels, they are well lubricated like all of the other tools which come into contact with the billets, i.e. die, container bore and dummy-block the lubricant being in most cases a paste made of superheated steam cylinder oil and flaky graphite. 

Depending upon the prospective service, the emulsifying tendencies of an oil can be a benefit or a drawback. Emulsification is Advantageous when an oil is to be used in presence of water, as in case of steam cylinder oils where wet steam is involved and lubrication of the cyclinder walls and valve seals is maintained by emulsified oil. Therefore, oils which most readily form stable emulsions with water are added to straight mineral cyclinder oils to increase their tendency to emulsify and to stablize the emulsions formed. 

Cylinder oil is a viscous oil used for lubricating the cylinders and valves of steam engines (see Lubrication and lubricants). It is prepared from cylinder stock. The product from cylinder stock, when filtered and processed, is bright stock. 

Fig. 1.2. A close-up of the mechanical lubricator on the traction engine. Unless the bore of the steam cylinder is kept oiled it will become worn and scored. The lubricator pumps small metered quantities of steam oil into the cylinder to stop this happening. The drive is token from the piston rod by the ratchet and pawl arrangement.

Before 1925, there were a few compounded oils made for special purposes, such as lubrication of marine engines and steam cylinders, but additives were not used in automotive crankcase oils. In the 1930 s, chemical compounds made by condensation of chlorinated paraffin wax with naphthalene were found to lower the pour points of oils. Pour depressants (9) apparently are adsorbed on small wax crystals which separate from oils when they are chilled. The protective adsorbed layer of additive prevents the normal interlacing of larger wax crystals which forms a gel. In 1934 polymerized unsaturated hydrocarbons first came into large scale commercial use to lower the temperature coefficient of viscosity of oils. Other compounds for increasing the viscosity index of oils have since become common. 

The surface condenser is generally used with turbines, both because it usually permits of a better vacuum and because the condensed steam, free from oil, is thereby immixed with the (usually inferior) circulating water. In engine plants, if circulating water is salt or otherwise unsuitable for boiler feed, the condensed steam may be used for boiler feed if a surface condenser is used, but care must be taken that cylinder oil does not reach the boilers. 

For steam-refined cylinder oils and black lubricating oils, proceed to 11.3 ensuring a thoroughly representative sample is used. The kinematic viscosity of residual fuel oils and similar, waxy products can be affected by the previous thermal history and the following procedure described in... 

Cylinder oils— unfinished heavy-oil stocks used directly as lubricants for steam-engine cylinders or for the manufacture of bright stock. Usually filtered but not dewaxed. 

Light motor oil Medium motor oil Heavy motor oil Extra-heavy motor oil Paraffin wax Steam cylinder-stock Petrolatum wax Greases and salves Fuel oil... 

Creep of Thick-walled Cylinders. The design of relatively thick-walled pressure vessels for operation at elevated temperatures where creep caimot be ignored is of interest to the oil, chemical, and power industries. In steam power plants, pressures of 35 MPa (5000 psi) and 650°C are used. Quart2 crystals are grown hydrothermaHy, using a batch process, in vessels operating at a temperature of 340—400°C and a pressure of 170 MPa (25,000 psi). In general, in the chemical industry creep is not a problem provided the wall temperature of vessels made of Ni—Cr—Mo steel is below 350°C. 

These have been developed for special uses. For example, since petroleum-based materials harm natural rubber, a grease based on castor oil and lead stearate is available for use on the steel parts of rubber bushes, engine mountings, hydraulic equipment components, etc. (but not on copper or cadmium alloys). Some soft-film solvent-deposited materials have water-displacing properties and are designed for use on surfaces which cannot be dried properly, e.g. water-spaces of internal combustion engines and the cylinders or valve chests of steam engines. 

Heated two roll mills consist of two large metal cylinders mounted closely in parallel, which rotate toward one another, creating a narrow gap between the two rolls. A diagram of a two roll mill can be seen in Fig. 22.7. To heat the surfaces of the rolls, steam, hot water, or oil circulates through the rolls. Preblended material is dropped into the nip in small quantities. 

The distillation may be carried out in a current of steam and is then continued until no oily drops are condensed with the water the volume of the oil separating above the water in a graduated cylinder is then measured (volume of oil) x (its density) - = weight of oil. 

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