Chloride salinities

Energy substrates include dextrose solutions and fat emulsion. Solutions used to supply energy and fluid include dextrose (glucose) in water or sodium chloride, alcohol in dextrose, and IV fat emulsion. Dextrose is a carbohydrate used to provide a source of calories and fluid. Alcohol (as alcohol in dextrose) also provides calories. Dextrose is available in various strengths (or percent of the carbohydrate) in a fluid, which may be water or sodium chloride (saline). Dextrose and dextrose in alcohol are available in various strengths (or percent of the carbohydrate and percent of the alcohol) in water. Dextrose solutions also are available with electrolytes, for example, Plasma-Lyte 56 and 5% Dextrose. Calories provided by dextrose and dextrose and alcohol solutions are listed in Table 58-1. 

Bingham F.T., Strong J.E., Sposito G. Influence of chloride salinity on cadmium uptake by Swiss chard. Soil Sci 1983 83 160-165. 

Flowers TJ, Yeo AR. 1981. Variability in the resistance to sodium chloride salinity within rice Oryza sativa L.) varieties. New Phytologist 88 363-373. 

Ketamine, 100 mg/mL (Henry Schein). Dilute to 10 mg/mL in sterile 0.9% sodium chloride (saline). Store at room temperature. Ketamine is a controlled substance (Schedule III) and should be stored in a secure location when not in use and otherwise handled as per institutional requirements. 

Results from surface and porewater analyses were used to gauge present chloride salinities, an indication of marine influence (Table I). 

Figure 11. Total sulfur (dry weight basis) as a function of chloride salinity and organic matter. Arrows indicate points taken from Frazier and Osanik (30). Salinity of the most saline site (line CB) was estimated using data from Brupbacher, Sedberry, and Willis (31). The plane A-B-C-D represents the simple multiple linear regression of total sulfur on chloride salinity and organic matter and the 4 lines in the plane the regression values for total sulfur at the 4 sites.

Corrosion of mild steel and 316L austenitic stainless steel with different surface roughness in sodium chloride saline solutions... 

Substances Nutrients (N and P) Suspended solids (transparency) Oxygen Temperature Chloride (salinity) Macro-ions (including bicarbonate) Significant discharges Specific pollutants (toxicity)... 

Chloride Saline water contamination Titration, potentiometry... 

Treatment of hyponatremia. Treatment depends on the cause, the patient s volume status, and most important, the patient s clinical condition. Caution Avoid overly rapid correction of the sodium, because brain damage (central pontine myelinolysis) may occur if the sodium is increased by more than 25 mEq/L in the first 24 hours. Obtain frequent measurements of serum and urine sodium levels and adjust the rate of infusion as needed to inorease the serum sodium by no more than 1-1.5 mEq/h. Arrange consultation with a nephrologist as soon as possible. For patients with profound hyponatremia (serum sodium < 110 mEq/L) accompanied by coma or seizures, administer hypertonic (3% sodium chloride) saline, 100-200 mL. 

If the water is corrosive but very slightly mineralized (Ca, M alk and SSA) or has high chloride salinity, for example, the use of a zinc-polyphosphate-type corrosion inhibitor is recommended. 

On the other hand, chloride salinity had much less effect on selenate uptake than sulfate salinity, as mentioned by Wu and Huang (1991). Generally, there is a small decrease in shoot accumulation of Se with increasing salt levels (Banuelos et al. 1996) as reviewed by (Hasanuzzaman et al. 2010). 

Banuelos GS, Zayed A, Terry N, Wu L, Akohoue S (1996) Accumulation of selenium by different plant species grown under increasing sodium and calcium chloride salinity. Plant Soil 183 49-59... 

Most of the salt contained in crude oil is dissolved in the small water droplets. Since water is the salt carrier, removing the water will remove the salt from the crude. The salt content of the water is expressed as parts per million (ppm) equivalent sodium chloride. Salinity may range from 0 to over 150,000 ppm. Desalting is required when the amount of salt contained in the entrained water after treating is higher than some specified amount. 

Some of the best examples of osmosis are those associated with living organisms. For instance, if red blood cells are placed in pure water, the cells expand and eventually burst as a result of water that enters through osmosis. The osmotic pressure associated with the fluid inside the cell is equivalent to that of 0.92% (mass/volume) NaCl(aq). Thus, if cells are placed in a sodium chloride (saline) solution of this concentration, there is no net flow of water through the cell membrane, and the cell remains stable. Such a solution is said to be isotonic. If cells are placed in a solution with a concentration greater than 0.92% NaCl, water flows out of the cells, and the cells shrink. Such a solution is said to be hypertonic. If the NaCl concentration is less than 0.92%, the solution is hypotonic, and water flow s into the cells. Fluids that are intravenously injected into patients to combat dehydration or to supply nutrients must be adjusted so that they are isotonic with blood. The osmotic pressure of the fluids must be the same as that of 0.92% (mass/volume) NaCl. 

Beneficial bacteria can also be isolated from the intestine and skin mucus of the host. In juvenile fish and shellfish, the autochthonous microbes may be isolated from the digestive tract after dissection. The microbes adherent to epithelial cells can be separated from those adherent to mucus and from those transient in the lumen (Westerdahl et al., 1991 Gatesoupe, 1999). These methods are not applicable to larvae and live food organisms, but the external surface of larval fish may be washed with a 0.1% benzal-konium chloride saline solution to differentiate the microbes adherent to... 

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