Chloride reservoir

Morana R., Piccolo E., Scoppio L., Nice P. (2011), Environmental Cracking Performance of Super Martensitic Stainless Steels 13Cr in High Chloride Reservoir Flnids Containing HjS/COj (Paper No. 11103), Honston, TX NACE International. 

One interesting variant of the phase-transfer synthesis of chlorides involves the use of concentrated aqueous HCl as chloride reservoir. Water insoluble primary alcohols were stirred and heated with HCl in the presence of hexadecyltributylphosphonium bromide. The reactions were slow but ultimately yielded well [11]. The data are included in Table 9.1. 

One example of a liquid-based ion-selective electrode is that for Ca +, which uses a porous plastic membrane saturated with di-(n-decyl) phosphate (Figure 11.13). As shown in Figure 11.14, the membrane is placed at the end of a nonconducting cylindrical tube and is in contact with two reservoirs. The outer reservoir contains di-(n-decyl) phosphate in di- -octylphenylphosphonate, which soaks into the porous membrane. The inner reservoir contains a standard aqueous solution of Ca + and a Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Calcium ion-selective electrodes are also available in which the di-(n-decyl) phosphate is immobilized in a polyvinyl chloride... 

Natural gas contains both organic and inorganic sulfur compounds that must be removed to protect both the reforming and downstream methanol synthesis catalysts. Hydrodesulfurization across a cobalt or nickel molybdenum—zinc oxide fixed-bed sequence is the basis for an effective purification system. For high levels of sulfur, bulk removal in a Hquid absorption—stripping system followed by fixed-bed residual clean-up is more practical (see Sulfur REMOVAL AND RECOVERY). Chlorides and mercury may also be found in natural gas, particularly from offshore reservoirs. These poisons can be removed by activated alumina or carbon beds. 

Chlorides may be found in natural gas, particularly associated with offshore reservoirs. Modified alumina catalysts have been developed to irreversibly absorb these poisons from the feed gas. 

Chlorine. Nearly all chlorine compounds are readily soluble in water. As a result, the major reservoir for this element in Figure 1 is the ocean (5). Chloride, as noted earHer, is naturally present at low levels in rain and snow, especially over and near the oceans. Widespread increases in chloride concentration in mnoff in much of the United States can be attributed to the extensive use of sodium chloride and calcium chloride for deicing of streets and highways. Ref. 19 points out the importance of the increased use of deicing salt as a cause of increased chloride concentrations in streams of the northeastern United States and the role of this factor in the chloride trends in Lake Ontario. Increases in chloride concentration also can occur as a result of disposal of sewage, oil field brines, and various kinds of industrial waste. Thus, chloride concentration trends also can be considered as an index of the alternation of streamwater chemistry by human development in the industrialized sections of the world. Although chlorine is an essential element for animal nutrition, it is of less importance for other life forms. 

Common salt, or sodium chloride, is also present in dissolved form in drilling fluids. Levels up to 3,000 mg/L chloride and sometimes higher are naturally present in freshwater muds as a consequence of the salinity of subterranean brines in drilled formations. Seawater is the natural source of water for offshore drilling muds. Saturated brine drilling fluids become a necessity when drilling with water-based muds through salt zones to get to oil and gas reservoirs below the salt. 

An important example of the first type is the oil smoke pot which is powered by a slow burning, gassy pyrotechnic mixt such as amm nitrate and amm chloride with a small amount of carbonaceous fuel. The resulting gas jet pulls a stream of oil from a reservoir and injects it into a venturi where the formation of the aerosol takes place... 

A 2% (w/v) sodium chloride solution was used as the connate water in all corefloods. It should be mentioned that it is desirable to incorporate divalent cations, such as Ca++ and Mg++, in the slug formulations as well as in the connate water to simulate an actual reservoir. 

In many ways, chloroaluminate molten salts are ideal solvents for the electrodeposition of transition metal-aluminum alloys because they constitute a reservoir of reducible aluminum-containing species, they are excellent solvents for many transition metal ions, and they exhibit good intrinsic ionic conductivity. In fact, the first organic salt-based chloroaluminate melt, a mixture of aluminum chloride and 1-ethylpyridinium bromide (EtPyBr), was formulated as a solvent for electroplating aluminum [55, 56] and subsequently used as a bath to electroform aluminum waveguides [57], Since these early articles, numerous reports have been published that describe the electrodeposition of aluminum from this and related chloroaluminate systems for examples, see Liao et al. [58] and articles cited therein. 

In a similar procedure [32] the sediment is wet oxidised with dilute sulphuric acid and nitric acids in an apparatus in which the vapour from the digestion is condensed into a reservoir from which it can be collected or returned to the digestion flask as required. The combined oxidised residue and condensate are diluted until the acid concentration is IN and nitrate is removed by addition of hydroxylammonium chloride with boiling. Fat is removed from the cooled solution with carbon tetrachlodithizone in carbon tetrachloride. The extract is shaken with 0.1M hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite solution and, after treatment of the separated aqueous layer with hydroxylammonium chloride a solution of urea and then EDTA solution are added to prevent subsequent extraction of copper. The liquid is then extracted with a 0.01% solution of dithizone in carbon tetrachloride and mercury estimated in the extract spectrophotometrically at 485nm. 

Liquid membrane electrodes utilize porous polymer materials, such as PVC or other plastics. An organic liquid ion exchanger immiscible with water contacts and saturates the membrane from a reservoir around the outside of the tube containing the water solution of the analyte and the silver-silver chloride wire. See Figure 14.10. Important electrodes with this design are the calcium and nitrate ion-selective electrodes. 

Steel objects, when exposed to humid atmospheres or when immersed in electrolytes, corrode at a rapid rate. For example, abrasively polished, cold-rolled steel panels will show signs of rust within 15 minutes when immersed in dilute chloride solutions with pH in the range of 7-10. One of the methods used to control this rapid corrosion is to coat the metal with a polymeric formulation such as a paint. The role of the paint is to serve primarily as a barrier to environmental constituents such as water, oxygen, sulfur dioxide, and ions and secondarily as a reservoir for corrosion inhibitors. Some formulations contain very high concentrations of metallic zinc or metallic aluminum such that the coating provides galvanic protection as well as barrier protection, but such formulations are not discussed in this paper. 

The status of the isoelectric focusing process can be followed by the current reading. When steady state is reached where no sample migration occurs anymore, the current drops to zero. After focusing, the ampholytes and solutes are mobilized again in order to pass the detector. Mobilization can be accomplished by replacing one of the solutions in the reservoirs at the capillary end with a salt (e.g., sodium chloride), or the volume in the capillary is pushed out by applying pressure. 

The ampoule A was charged with the crystalline monomer, a phial P of initiator (e g. PFj solution), and a magnetic breaker M and then sealed at B to the rest of the rig which was then evacuated. Methylene chloride was distilled in from a reservoir on the vacuum line to dissolve the monomer and was then pumped off slowly, and evacuation was continued for 8 h, which process produced an efficient final drying. The purpose of the two pumping ducts C and D is to circumvent the evacuation obstacle presented by the sintered filter S. The required volume of solvent was then distilled into A, the rig sealed off from the line at E, and the ampoule A brought to the right... 

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