Increase in chloride concentration

Waste aeration causes the growth of chloride concentrations in leachate that were recirculated through the waste layer. It was observed that CT concentrations in leachate began to increase simultaneously with the rise of the pH value. It can be explained by the influence of pH on chloride dissolution, which increases with the increase of pH (Biligili et al. 2006, Sekman et al. 2011). 

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Chlorine. Nearly all chlorine compounds are readily soluble in water. As a result, the major reservoir for this element in Figure 1 is the ocean (5). Chloride, as noted earHer, is naturally present at low levels in rain and snow, especially over and near the oceans. Widespread increases in chloride concentration in mnoff in much of the United States can be attributed to the extensive use of sodium chloride and calcium chloride for deicing of streets and highways. Ref. 19 points out the importance of the increased use of deicing salt as a cause of increased chloride concentrations in streams of the northeastern United States and the role of this factor in the chloride trends in Lake Ontario. Increases in chloride concentration also can occur as a result of disposal of sewage, oil field brines, and various kinds of industrial waste. Thus, chloride concentration trends also can be considered as an index of the alternation of streamwater chemistry by human development in the industrialized sections of the world. Although chlorine is an essential element for animal nutrition, it is of less importance for other life forms. 

Prior hydration with hypertonic salt seems to reduce cisplatin-induced acute renal failure [42]. As previous studies indicated that the degree of azotemia produced by cisplatin was highly dependent on the sodium chloride content of the vehicle used for its administration [42] it has been suggested that the increase in chloride concentration in the urine that occurs after hypertonic salt infusion may reduce the conversion of cisplatin to toxic aquated metabolites, a process known to be sensitive to Cl ion concentration. 

Interruptions in the stray current. Stray currents produced by rail traction systems are non-stationary, and thus the effect of interruptions of the current should be taken into consideration. In fact, gradients of ionic concentration in the pore solution near the steel surface, produced by the depletion of alkalinity due to the anodic reaction and increase in chloride concentration due to migration, can be mitigated during the interruption of current. Therefore, interruptions in the stray current may have a beneficial effect, as shown in Figure 9.6 where results of tests with continuous appHcation of the current are compared with tests with circulation of current at alternated hours (lon-loff). The periodical interruption of current had a beneficial effect, since it increased the charge required for initiation of corrosion. This effect was remarkable in cement pastes with chloride contents lower than 0.4 % by mass of cement... 

Two conceptual models are provided for environments in which Type 3 behavior occurs. For sources with PCE and TCE, the major natural attenuation processes are dilution and dispersion alone (no biodegradation). As shown in 23.1.7, the PCE and TCE plumes extend from the source zone and concentrations are slowly reduced by abiotic processes. Chloride concentrations and oxidation-reduction potential will not change as groundwater passes through the source zone and forms die chlorinated ethene plume. If TCA is the solvent of interest, significant abiotic hydrolysis may occur, resulting in a more rapid decrease in TCA concentrations and an increase in chloride concentrations. 

Vermilyea" has adopted a thermodynamic approach to pitting, and considers that the critical pitting potential is the potential at which the metal salt of the aggressive ion (e.g. AICI3) is in equilibrium with metal oxide (e.g. AljOj). On the basis of this theory the critical pitting potential should decrease by 0-059V per decade increase in chloride ion concentration. Vermilyea s theory successfully predicts the values of the critical potentials for Al, Mg, Fe and Ni, but in the case of Zr, Ti and Ta there are large discrepancies. 

Avoiding situations that increase the chloride concentration — some circumstances in which this can occur in practice are listed below, and it can be seen that control is difficult to ensure. 

Shatenshtein et al.5ia also found a similar dependence of rate coefficient upon the concentrations of stannic chloride and acetic acid in the dedeuteration of [l,4-2H2]-durene in benzene. Rate coefficients increased linearly with increasing stannic chloride concentration and at a constant value of this the rate increased only slightly with increasing acetic acid concentration, except at high concentrations of the latter when the rate then decreased (Table 155). Cryoscopic mea-... 

Induced oxidation of alcohols by hydrogen peroxide was studied by Kolthoff and Medalia . According to their measurements the value of F-, increases with the increase in the concentration of ethanol, while it decreases with increase in the acid concentration (see Table 16). In acetic acid medium the value of F[ is considerably lower. Chloride ions effectively suppress the induced oxidation of alcohols. The main product of the oxidation of ethanol is acetaldehyde which can be further oxidized to acetic acid. The data on the induced oxidation of alcohol (H2A) can be interpreted by reactions (53), (98), (99) and (57). 

Carr [562] has studied the effects of salinity on the determination of strontium in seawater by atomic absorption spectrometry using an air-acetylene flame. Using solutions containing 7.5 mg/1 strontium and between 5 and 14% sodium chloride, he demonstrated a decrease in absorption with increasing sodium chloride concentration. To overcome this effect a standard additions procedure is recommended. 

It can be assumed that the azoles are deprotonated by the interfacial exchange mechanism, but it is noteworthy that it has been suggested that the rate of alkylation of indole under liquiddiquid two-phase conditions decreases with an increase in the concentration of the sodium hydroxide [8]. The choice of catalyst appears to have little effect on the reaction rate or on the overall yields of alkylated azole. Benzyltriethylammonium chloride, Aliquat, and tetra-n-butylammonium hydrogen sulphate or bromide have all been used at ca. 1-10% molar equivalents (relative to the concentration of the azole) for alkylation reactions, but N-arylation of indole with an activated aryl halide requires a stoichiometric amount of the catalyst [8]. 

The anolyte is evaporated to increase the chloride concentration from 75-250 gdm and cobalt, and most of the iron, is then extracted by the organic solvent. The nickel containing raffinate is diluted by condensate from the evaporation and returned to the Ni-cathode compartments in the diaphragm electrolytic cells for precipitation of nickel. Stripping of cobalt from the organic solvent is performed with the weakly acidic condensate. The strip liquor is fed to the Co-cathode compartment in the electrolytic cells. 

Lubiprostone has used as a novel PG compound for an oral treatment of constipation with a unique action directed to the target tissue, although it has low systemic availability following oral administration. It activates a locally acting chloride channel, which is a normal constituent of the apical membrane of the human intestine, and enhances a chloride-rich intestinal fluid secretion without altering sodium and potassium concentration in the serum. In fasted rats administered doses of 1, 10, or lOOpg/kg of the compound, dose-dependent increases in the concentration of chloride ions in the bowel were detected, indicating that the compound opens chloride channels and promotes chloride ion transport in vivo [45]. 

Hydrogen-deuterium exchange in alkanes shows the same dependence on the composition of solvent, and concentration of mineral acid, of platinum( 11) and of chloride ions as does the exchange in aromatic hydrocarbons. The dependence of the exchange rate on solvent composition has been discussed in Section III,B,1. The rate is independent of mineral acid concentration, increases nonlinearly with increase in the concentration of platinum 11), and decreases nonlinearly with increase in the concentration of chloride ions (55). The nonlinear dependences are due to the solvolysis of the PtCL,2- ion ... 

The amount of EGA (the current efficiency of EGA generation) is measured in both acetone and methylene chloride-THF. Both Figs. 1 and 2 show that a sharp increase in the concentration of EGA is observed in the electrolysis of lithium, sodium, and magnesium perchlorate solution, being consistent with the result of the oxirane ring opening reaction to ketones (Table 2). 

The activating energy of the replacement is calculated to be 28,000 2000 calories. It is estimated that the displacement of 1 per cent, of arsenic from a normal solution of arsenic trichloride at room temperature and 100 atm. of hydrogen would require 1140 years. Increase in the concentration of hydrochloric acid accelerates the reaction, which is inhibited by the presence of sodium chloride, and the reaction appears to be ionic rather than molecular.3... 

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