Chlordane in air

Figure 4.11 Enantiomer fractions ofcis-chlorclane and trans-chlordane in air samples from the Arctic (AA), southern Sweden (RA), historical atmospheric deposition samples from 1971-1973 (AD), and in sediment cores of Lake DV-09, Devon Island, Canada). Error bars are a. (Reproduced with permission from Atmospheric Environment, Chiral signatures of chlordanes Indicate changing sources to the atmosphere over the past 30 years, by Terry F. Bidleman, Fiona Wong et al., 38(35), 5963-5970. Copyright (2004) Elsevier)...

Releases to the Environment tfom Facilities that Manufacture or Process Chlordane 5-2 Detection of Chlordane in Air ... 

Histopathological effects on the reproductive organs were not observed in rats exposed to chlordane in air at 28.2 mg/m 8 hours/day, 5 days/week for 28 days, or in rats or monkeys similarly exposed to 10 mg/m for 90 days (Khasawinah et al. 1989 Velsicol Chemical Co. 1984). However, reproductive function was not assessed. 

Chlordane in Air Force Family Housing A Study of Houses Treated After Construction," USAF OEHL Report 81-45, 1981. 

Moeckel, C., M. MacLeod, K. Hungerbuhler, and K.C. Jones. 2008. Measurement and modeling of diel variability of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and chlordanes in air. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42(9) 3219-3225. 

Both DDT and chlordan are used in colorless, odorless, deobase-type solvent DDT in 5% solution and chlordan in 2% solution. The oil solvent is used because it is a nonconductor and because experience has shown that the crystals from a film of oil solvent solution adhere more firmly to the surface sprayed. A pressure-type spray tank, either a hand pump or mechanical source of air pressure, is used, with a special nozzle which gives a fan-shaped nonmisting spray. A special dripless valve is used. Several valves and nozzles which meet these requirements are on the market. The appropriate areas are sprayed with this fan-shaped painting spray stream, so that the surface glistens with the wet film but there is not sufficient quantity to run down. Experience has shown that this will leave approximately 200 mg. of DDT per square foot or an equivalent amount of chlordan. This procedure is recommended by the U. S. Public Health Service in its spraying technique for residences and food establishments treated in its program of spraying DDT only for malaria control. It has not as yet recommended chlordan for this use. Specifications for the sprayer nozzles procedure can be obtained from this source. 

Heptachlors were spread into the environment either as an agrochemical or as impurities of technical chlordanes. In Japan, technical chlor-dane was used not only for agrochemicals but also for termite control, especially in south-west part where termite tends to damage houses more actively due to high temperature and humidity. Apparently the technical chlordanes used in Japan had been quite homogeneous, for chlordanes composition (proportions of trans-chlordane, cA-chlordane, trans-nonachlor, cA-nonachlor and oxychlordane) in air, and also in water, are quite similar to each other among the same media irrespective of the sampling locations. It is also expected that proportions of heptachlors in technical chlordanes were also stable in fact, similar heptachlors/ chlordanes ratios have been observed in many places in Japan in air, water and sediments, and majority of the data plots on chlordanes (X)... 

Figure 1.8. Chlordanes vs. heptachlors in air samples (summer FY2004).

The potential for OC pesticide enantiomers to be used for air-surface source apportionment was first suggested by Finizio, Bidleman, and Szeto [167], who found an air concentration gradient with the same enantiomer composition (EFs of 0.54 to 0.57 for a-HCH and 0.59 for heptachlor epoxide) up to 1.4 m above British Columbia agricultural soils with the same EFs (Figure 4.16). The subsequent measurements of nonracemic a- HCH, c/i-chlordane, and trara-chlordane in these soils [146] indicated that local and regional air burdens of these pesticides were influenced more by agricultural emissions than by trans-Pacific transport from China and India where these compounds are still... 

Ulrich, E.M. Hites, R.A., Enantiomeric ratios of chlordane-related compounds in air near the Great Lakes Environ. Sci Technol 1998, 32, 1870-1874. 

Figure 5.2 Air concentrations (pg/m ) of a-HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane), y-HCH, endo-sulfans (sum ofendo I, endo II andendosulfan sulfate) and chlordanes (sum of trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, and trans-nonachlor) between December 2004 and March 2005 at GAPS sites around the world. (Reproduced with permission from Environmental Science and Technology, Toward a Global Network for Persistent Organic Pollutants in Air Results from the GAPS Study, by Karia Pozo, Tom Harner et a ., 40(16), 4867-4873. Copyright (2006) American Chemical Society)...

A version of the congener profiling method to trace the origin of air concentrations compares the ratios of compounds within a compound class to those within the technical mixtures. This has been done for DDT and chlordanes in window films (Gingrich et al., 2001) and passive air samples (Gouin et al., 2007). For example, Gouin et al. reported ratios of trans- to cis-chlordane in passive air samples from Chicago and Toronto of 1.22 and 1.13 respectively, which were close to the ratio in the technical mixture of 1.16. In... 

Leone et al. (2000) and Offenberg et al. (2004) reported racemic signatures in air concentrations of trans- and cw-chlordane in indoor air whereas samples in outdoor air and soils showed enantiomeric degradation, although Gouin et al. (2007) found that the pattern was not always consistent with the urban-rural differences. Leone et al. (2000) and Offenberg et al. (2004) concluded that indoor air was a source of chlordanes to outdoor urban air, which is similar to the conclusion reached by Robson and Harrad (2004) and Jamshidi et al. (2007) for PCBs. 

Leone, A.D., Ulrich, E.M., et al (2000) Organochlorine pesticide concentrations and enandomer fractions for chlordane in indoor air from the US combelt. Atmospheric Environment, 34(24) 4131 138. 

Roinestadt et al. [40], analyzing 23 pesticides in indoor air and dust, reported that pesticides in air were always found in the corresponding dust with the exception of dichlorvos, o-phenylphenol and chlordane. The majority of household pesticides, however, are preferably detected in the home environment by dust sampling [40]. This holds true particularly for permethrin, which could not be detected in the air (detection limit 1 ng m ), whereas it was present in the dust samples in the milhgrams per kilogram range [40]. Stolz et al. [ 110] reporting results for permethrin in dust samples and air observed no correlation. 

Its use has been prohibited in Germany since 1971 and in Japan in 1986 and restricted in many countries. The U.S. EPA has set a MCE of 2 p g/L in drinking water. Also, all spills or release of chlordane in quantities one pound or more into the environment are required to be reported. The U.S. EDA restricts the quantities of chlordane and its breakdown products in fruits and vegetables not to exceed 300 pg/kg and in fish and animal fat 100 pg/kg. The OSHA and NIOSH have set a maximum level of 0.5 mg chlordane/cm in workplace air for an 8-hour workday, 40-hour week. 

Over 50 million persons have lived in chlordane-treated homes. Indoor air in the living spaces of treated homes have been found to contain average levels of between 0.00003 and 0.002 milligram (mg) of chlordane in a cubic meter of air (mg/m However, levels as high as 0.06 mg/m have been measured in the living areas of these homes. Even higher levels are found in basements and crawl spaces. 

The Occupational Safety and Flealth Administration (OSFIA) regulates chlordane levels in the workplace. The maximum allowable level in workplace air is 0.5 mg/m for a person who is exposed for 8 hours per workday and 40 hours per workweek. The National Institute for Occupational Flealth and Safety (NIOSFI) also recommends an exposure limit of 0.5 mg/m fora person exposed to chlordane in the workplace for 8 hours per workday and 40 hours per workweek. Chapter 7 provides more information on chlordane regulations. 

Dermal/Ocular Effects. Dermatitis was found by a questionnaire survey to occur in persons living in homes treated with chlordane, with greater frequency than in a reference population (Menconi et al. 1988). The effects, however, cannot be attributed to chlordane alone, because aldrin and heptachlor were included in the analysis for chlordane in the residents indoor air. 

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