Emissions agricultural

The agricultural emissions of NHj, NjO and NO must be considered in context the processes which lead to net loss from the soil and vegetation are natural and form a part of the land-atmosphere cycling of this vital nutrient. The current agricultural processes, however, create conditions in which the small natural background fluxes, in the range of a few ngNm s are dwarfed by losses from fertilized land. 

The agricultural emissions of NjO have been recognized as contributors to a loss of fertilizer for many years, but only recently has the global signihcance of the agricultural NjO emission been treated as an important global issue. " ... 

We can find similar values also in the paper by [16] who states that this share within the EU-15 was 10.2% in 2009. In the Czech Republic, the share of agricultural emissions in total greenhouse gas emissions is calculated at 6.42% [17],... 

Observations of smoke plumes, first brief tests and some papers 15, 6/ suggest that the immission concentration is fluctuating in a wide range near the source. Human nose is more sensitive to odour concentration fluctuation than, due to adaption, to constant odour concentration. In fig. 5 it is shown qualitativly that odour perception may occur due to concentration fluctuations although the mean value is far below the odour threshold. In table 1 it is indicated that the distance between agricultural emission sources and receptor is relatively small in relationship to industrial emissions. 

Mosier AR, Duxbury JM, Freney JR, Heinemeyer O, Minami K, Johnson DE. 1998b. Mitigating agricultural emissions of methane. Climatic Change 40 39-80. 

It is easily understood that whereas ducted emissions can be rather easily treated, the other two kinds of emissions can only be prevented or minimized. For example, agricultural emissions are very difficult to control. The main air pollutants are the following. 

The potential for OC pesticide enantiomers to be used for air-surface source apportionment was first suggested by Finizio, Bidleman, and Szeto [167], who found an air concentration gradient with the same enantiomer composition (EFs of 0.54 to 0.57 for a-HCH and 0.59 for heptachlor epoxide) up to 1.4 m above British Columbia agricultural soils with the same EFs (Figure 4.16). The subsequent measurements of nonracemic a- HCH, c/i-chlordane, and trara-chlordane in these soils [146] indicated that local and regional air burdens of these pesticides were influenced more by agricultural emissions than by trans-Pacific transport from China and India where these compounds are still... 

Minami K. and Takata K. (1997) Atmospheric methane sources, sinks, and strategies for reducing agricultural emissions. Water Sci. Technol. 36, 509-516. 

Agricultural emissions account for 35% of Kyoto base year emissions, and despite the ongoing industrial growth and increased electricity consumption, this sector still accounted for 29% of 2001 emissions. The activities covered by the ETS Directive account for approximately 33% of total emissions annually. 

Most agree that the greenhouse effect exists and that C02 has increased by some 25%. The proposed National Energy Policy Act of 1988, called for controls on industrial and agricultural emissions producing greenhouse gases. There were ... 

The issue of atmospheric deposition as a transport mechanism for nutrients to coastal shelf seas is a relatively recent one. However, it has now emerged as being of great importance for the following reasons. Firstly, this method is very significant in a quantitative sense (Rendell etal., 1993 Asman etal., 1995). Secondly, the deposition of material frequently occurs some way out to sea (Jickells, 1995), where the impact of biological processes in the immediate coastal zone has already reduced nutrient concentrations to undetectable levels. Particular sources of nutrients include agricultural emissions from livestock and motor vehicle exhaust fumes. 

Aquatic particulate matter is an important sink for numerous lipophilic anthropogenic contaminants as the result of adsorption and accumulation processes. In the adsorbed state organic contaminants can be subject to transformation as well as to transportation processes within the river system. The anthropogenic contribution to the organic load of river systems can be attributed mainly to sewage effluents derived from industrial and domestic point sources, to agricultural emissions or to shipping activities. Numerous specific compounds reflect the different sources of pollution and, therefore, are frequently detected in river systems. 

Hexachlorobenzene represents both, industrially derived contaminations and agricultural emissions. The concentration profile shows two distinct maxima (Fig. 6C) with values of 10 and 6500 ng/g. At the bottom of the core the concentrations are very low, but a significant increase towards a depth of 118 cm was observed. Subsequently, a second local maximum (94 cm) occurs, followed by rapidly decreasing values ( 1743 ng/g). Up to the top of the core the concentrations stagnate at values of around 1500 ng/g. 

In the following sections, the time-correlated concentration profiles are discussed with respect to the main pollution sources (industrial, municipal and agricultural emissions) in order to provide a comprehensive view on the pollution history of the Lippe river. 

For the chlorinated benzenes, a very similar distribution within the sediment core is observed as for some PAHs, e.g. benzo[a]pyrene. An elevated large-scale industrial activity related to these compounds can be deduced for the time between 1947 and 1955. We attribute the decrease in contamination towards the top layers to a reduction of emissions as a result of more efficient sewage treatment plants (Fig. 1A,B) as well as a modified array of products. The concentration profile of HCB (Fig. 6C) and all lower chlorinated benzenes (Tab. 2) suggests the dominance of industrial sources responsible for the contamination as contrasted to agricultural emission derived from pesticide usage. It should be noted that the contamination level of 1,4-dichlorobenzene was elevated in the time period between 1975 and 1980, comparable with concentration levels determined in Rhine river sediments 1982/83. The extensive use of 1,4-dichlorobenzene as an odorous ingredient of toilet cleaners contributed additionally to the contamination via sewage effluents (LWA, 1987/1989). 

Edwards J Photonic Sensors, Atlanta, Georgia Development of an optical ammonia sensor to measure agricultural emissions. This sensor is capable of detecting ammonia concentrations at the 100 ppb range. Cooperative Agreement... 

To avoid an aggravation of soil acidification and nutrient imbalances a reduction of NOj (traffic) and NHj (agriculture) emissions is necessary. 

Figure 5. Total national agricultural emissions of greenhouse gases...

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