Chlorates detection

Data on the fate of any residual chlorite or chlorate ions on poultry carcasses following removal from the commercial chiller water process (chiller study), consisting of 1 h of immersion in ASC at 150 mg sodium chlorite/l at pH 2.8, were also available. Immediately after ASC application, the levels of chlorite and chlorate detected in the poultry carcasses were 0.54 mg/kg carcass and <0.019 mg/kg carcass, respectively. The levels of chlorite and chlorate were also determined in carcasses and chicken breasts up to 8 h after the treatment. The residual levels of both chlorite and chlorate in the poultry carcasses were below the detection limit of 0.1 mg/kg (European Food Safety Authority, 2005 Ecolab Inc., 2006). 

The alkaline earth metals can be detected in burning compounds by the colors that they give to flames. Calcium burns orange-red, strontium crimson, and barium yellow-green. Fireworks are often made from their salts (typically nitrates and chlorates, because the anions then provide an additional supply of oxygen) together with magnesium powder. 

Figure 10 Capillary ion analysis of 30 anions 1 = thiosulfate, 2 = bromide, 3 = chloride, 4 = sulfate, 5 = nitrite, 6 = nitrate, 7 = molybdate, 8 = azide, 9 = tungstate, 10 = monofluorophosphate, 11 = chlorate, 12 = citrate, 13 = fluoride, 14 = formate, 15 = phosphate, 16 = phosphite, 17 = chlorite, 18 = galactarate, 19 = carbonate, 20 = acetate, 21 = ethanesulphonate, 22 = propionate, 23 = propanesulphonate, 24 = butyrate, 25 = butanesulphonate, 26 = valerate, 27 = benzoate, 28 = D-glutamate, 29 = pentane-sulphonate and 30 = D-gluconate. Experimental conditions fused silica capillary, 60 cm (Ld 52 cm) x 50 p i.d., voltage 30 kV, indirect UV detection at 254 nm, 5 mM chromate, 0.5 mM NICE-Pak OFM Anion-BT, adjusted to pH 8.0, with 100 mM NaOH. (From Jones, W. R. and Jandik, R, /. Chromatogr., 546, 445,1991. With permission.)...

FIGURE 9 Separation of chloride, sulfate, and nitrate at 40pg/mL with 5 mM chromate, 0.5 mM TTA-OH, 1.0 mM borate as BGE. Chlorate is used as internal standard. Linearity between I and 4pg/mL with an = 0.999 for all analytes. Indirect UV detection at 254nm (lOnm bandwidth). 

Bromate has also been measured using 1C with conductivity detection. For example, EPA Method 302.0 uses two-dimensional 1C with suppressed conductivity detection to measure bromate at 0.12 pg/L detection limits [166]. Bromate, chlorite, and chlorate can also be measured by an earlier EPA Method (Method 300.1), which uses 1C with conductivity detection [167]. Method detection limits ranging from 0.45 to 1.28 pg/L can be achieved. 

Chemical testing is carried out in an approved laboratory because the firework must first be dismantled. Wet methods of analysis are applied that involve analytical grade reagents to detect, in particular, the presence of chlorates in admixture with elemental sulfur. Sulfur-chlorate mixtures are banned in the UK, and one use of sulfurless gunpowder is in fireworks where chlorates are also present. 

Chlorate and chlorite ions are disinfection by-products (DBPs) from water treatment using chlorine dioxide. Table 6-2 contains data from four water treatment facilities in the United States that use chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant. Source water samples were also analyzed from each facility and no chlorite or chlorate ions were detected. In all water treatment plants, water taken from the distribution system (i.e., water sampled at water treatment plant) had measurable concentrations of both chlorite and chlorate ions. The ranges of concentrations were 15-740 and 21-330 pg/L for chlorite and chlorate, respectively (Bolyard et al. 1993). 

Source water was analyzed for chlorite and chlorate, and none was detected above the 10 g/L reporting limit. 

Gas-diffusion flow injection analysis is capable of detecting very low concentrations of chlorine dioxide in water (i.e., detection limit is 5 ppb). A chemiluminescence flow-through detector cell is used to measure the concentration chlorine dioxide as a function of chemiluminescence intensity. A gas diffusion membrane separates the donor stream from the detecting stream and removes ionic interferences from iron and manganese compounds, as well as from other oxychlorinated compounds, such as chlorate and chlorite (Hollowell et al. 1986 Saksa and Smart 1985). 

Beitler MK, Chin HB. 1995. Improved determination of chlorite and chlorate in rinse water from carrots and green beans by liquid chromatography and amperometric and conductivity detection. J AO AC Int 78(3) 878-883. 

Elemental composition K 28.22%, Cl 25.59%, and 0 46.19%. An aqueous solution is analyzed for potassium by AA, ICP, and other methods (see Potassium). Perchlorate ion may be analyzed by ion chromatography or a liquid-membrane electrode. Iodide, bromide, chlorate, and cyanide ions interfere in the electrode measurement. Alternatively, perchlorate ion may be measured by redox titration. Its solution in 0.5M H2SO4 is treated with a measured excess standard ferrous ammonium sulfate. The excess iron(II) solution is immediately titrated with a standard solution of potassium dichromate. Diphenylamine sulfuric acid may be used as an indicator to detect the end point ... 

Perchlorate is the oxidation product of chlorate. It forms a variety of compounds, including ammonium perchlorate, potassium perchlorate, sodium perchlorate, and perchloric acid. Perchlorate is highly reactive in its solid state, and as ammonium perchlorate it is used as the oxidizer in solid rocket fuel. Because of its limited shelf life, it must be periodically washed out of the country s rocket and missile inventory and replaced. Large volumes of the chemical have been disposed of since the 1950s, and perchlorate has been detected in large concentrations in both groundwater and surface water. Perchlorate has also been used in the manufacture of matches, munitions, fireworks, and in analytical chemistry. 

Caffeine and other purine derivatives can be detected by the Murexide test. In this test the alkaloids are mixed with a tiny amount of potassium chlorate and a drop of hydrochloric acid and evaporated to dryness, and the resulting residue is exposed to ammonia vapour. Purine alkaloids produce pink colour in this test. 

The detection and determination ot the perchlorates.—The perchlorates give no precipitates with silver nitrate or barium chloride soln. cone. soln. give a white crystalline precipitate with potassium chloride. Unlike all the other oxy-acids of chlorine, a soln. of indigo is not decolorized by perchloric acid, even after the addition of hydrochloric acid and they do not give the explosive chlorine dioxide when warmed with sulphuric acid unlike the chlorates, the perchlorates are not reduced by the copper-zinc couple, or sulphur dioxide. Perchloric acid can be titrated with —iV-alkali, using phenolphthalein as indicator. The perchlorates can be converted into chlorides by heat and the chlorides determined volumetrically or gravimetrically they can be reduced to chloride by titanous sulphate 28 and titration of the excess of titanous sulphate with standard permanganate they can be fused with zinc chloride and the amount of chlorine liberated can be measured in terms of the iodine set free from a soln. of potassium iodide and they can be... 

Such evidence of rotation of the plane of polarization is not likely to be detected in microscopic crystals unless the specific rotation is exceptionally large. The phenomena mentioned above are usually exhibited only by crystals at least several millimetres thick. Suitable subjects for observation are sodium chlorate (cubic), quartz (trigonal, uniaxial), and cane sugar (monoclinic, biaxial). 

Chlorate ion may be detected and detd as described under Chlorates, Analytical procedures while Ba ion can be detd as described in Refs 2,3 5... 

Chlorate ion may be detected and detd as described under Chlorates, Analytical Procedures. Sodium ion may be detected by the color it imparts to a flame, or by means of the spectroscope. The procedure is described in Ref l,p 875(See also Ref 2). For quantitative detn of Na, it can be precipitated as Zn-, Mg-,... 

Chlorate ion may be detected and detd as described under Chlorates, Analytical Proceduresand strontium ion as described in Refs 2,3 4. The complete analysis of salt may be done in the manner described by Faber(Ref 1) for Ba chlorate. The method is outlined here under Barium Chlorate, Analytical Procedures, There is no US Military Specification... 

Fig. 4. Analysis of an anion standard solution by IC (a) and CE (b) [48]. IC conditions aVydac 302IC4.6 column, a flow-rate of 2.5 ml/min, an injection volume of 25 xl, an isophthalic acid mobile phase, UV detection at 280 nm. CE conditions an electrolyte of potassium dichromate, sodium tetraborate, boric acid and the DETA (diethylenetriamine) EOF modifier, pH 7.8 65 cmX75 xm I.D. capillary 20 kV indirect UV detection at 280 nm. Anions 1, chloride 2, nitrite 3, chlorate 4, nitrate 5, sulfate 6, thiocyanate 7, perchlorate 8, bromide.

Injurious Metals.—These may be derived either from the vessels in which the products are prepared or stored or from mineral colours added to some extent they may be detected in the ash. For a more complete investigation, especially of metals which may be eliminated during the incineration as volatile compounds, use is made of one of the known methods for the destruction of organic substances, e.g., treatment with hydrochloric acid and potassium chlorate, the residue being examined by the ordinary methods of qualitative analysis. 

To detect all these metals with certainty, a quantity of the beer is evaporated to a syrup, the latter taken up in concentrated hydrochloric acid and the liquid heated and treated with successive small portions of potassium chlorate to oxidise the organic matter, and then boiled to eliminate the excess of chlorine and afterwards tested for the metals by the ordinary methods. For estimation of traces of arsenic, see p. 173. 

Lead, Copper, Zinc.—500 or 1000 c.c. are evaporated to small volume, treated with excess of hydrochloric acid and then, while heated on a water-bath, wtili small quantities of potassium chlorate until the liquid is as nearly colourless as possible. This liquid, which contains any of the above metals present, is diluted with water, heated, and subjected to the action of a current of hydrogen sulphide. Any precipitate, which will contain lead and copper sulphides, is collected on a small filter, while the filtrate is tested for zinc according to (c). The precipitate, washed with hydrogen sulphide solution and dried, is ignited with the filter in a porcelain dish. The residue is taken up in a little nitric acid (D i>2), gently heated, diluted with a little water and filtered into a porcelain dish, the filtrate being used for the detection of lead as in (a) and for that of copper, as in (b). 

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