Crystallization microscope

Hartshome, N. H. The Microscopy of Liquid Crystal Microscope Publications Ltd London, 1974. 

Tiller, W. A. (1991b). The Science of Crystallization Microscopic Interfacial Phenomena. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. 

I he notation 0e indicates that this is the dielectric function at frequencies low i ompared with electronic excitation frequencies. We have also replaced co0 with l (, the frequency of the transverse optical mode in an ionic crystal microscopic theory shows that only this type of traveling wave will be readily excited bv a photon. Note that co2 in (9.20) corresponds to 01 e2/me0 for the lattice vibrations (ionic oscillators) rather than for the electrons. The mass of an electron is some thousands of times less than that of an ion thus, the plasma liequency for lattice vibrations is correspondingly reduced compared with that lor electrons. 

N. H. Hartshorne, The Microscopy of Liquid Crystals, Microscope Publications, Chicago, 1974. 

Off-Centre Impurities in Fluorite-Type Crystals Microscopic Origin... 

Sear, R.P. The non-classical nucleation of crystals microscopic mechanisms and applications to molecular crystals, ice and calcium carbonate. Int. Mater. Rev. 57, 328-356 (2012)... 

Therefore, any cross section of typical clinker displays (1) the more or less loosely tied framework of alite crystals, (2) belite that occurs as single crystals and as concentrations, and (3) a matrix of aluminate and ferrite formed as the molten liquid cools and crystallizes. Microscopical observations clearly suggest aluminate (CjA) crystallizes after the ferrite, the latter forming a prismatic crystal mesh, the holes of which are partially filled with aluminate. Ferrite can be seen within alumi nate and, extremely rarely, vice versa. The matrix com monly contains secondary belite and shows effects of reaction with alite. Voids remain in areas not filled by the liquid, forming sites for crystallization of alkali sulfates on the cavity walls. Thus, the typical clinker is a somewhat porous mass of interlocking crystals, a truly glassless crystalline mosaic. Recent studies of the sequence of crystal development in the production of Portland cement clinker can be found in papers by Imlach and Hofmanner (1974), Moore (1976), Ono (1981, 1995), Chromy (1974, 1982), and Maki (1982, 1995). 

When Pij forms with I a magic angle pm 54.7° the dichroism is not observed at all (fsT = 1), for p < pm the dichroic ratio fsT > 1 for p > pm < 1. For small angles p formula (11.26) works quite well. Note that the order parameter S is the fundamental characteristic of a liquid crystal microscopically related to a more or less rigid molecular skeletons. Therefore, 5abs = S should be considered as a value independent of the electronic oscillator angle p. 

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