China electricity

Xing Deshan Yan Weiping 2007. Analysis to pore structure of typical semi-cokes by mercury porosimetry. Journal of North China Electric Power University (Natural Science Edition), 34(5) 57-63 (in Chinese). 

Bofang Zhu. 1999. Thermal stress and temperature control of mass concrete [M]. China Electric Power Press. 

CEFR (China) electrical contact, smoke and aerosol detectors... 

State Grid Corporation of China Electric utility 227 1564 China... 

Zhen-Yu Zhao Department of Construction Management, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China, zhaozhenyuxm 263.net... 

Electrical China (Electrical Engineering, Electrical Equipment and Contractors Supplies Beijing, China)... 

EP China (Electric Power Equipment and Technology Beijing,... 

Source China Electric Power Yearbook and SCI estimates Figure 4 Installed Generation Capacity (1,000MW)... 

School of Renewable Energy North China Electric Power University Beijing, People s Republic of China... 

Phosphorus compounds are very important as fertilizers (world use 1976/77 27-3 megatonnes as P2O5) but are widely used in matches, pesticides, special glasses and china ware, alloys (sleels. phosphor bronze), and metal treating (10%), detergents (40%), electrical components (e.g. GaP), foods and drinks (15%). Phosphates are an essential constituent of living organisms. U.S. production of phosphorus 1982 372 000 tonnes. 

The high point, before the introduction of modem electrical and oil- or gas-fired kilns, was the development in China of the dragon kiln, a tunnel kiln built against a hillside, with a draft which resulted in the temperatures needed for the firing of porcelain ware. 

As of the mid-1990s all commercial phosphoms is manufactured at a few sites around the world. Significant production occurs in Idaho and Montana in the United States, in the Netherlands, in Kazakstan, and in China smaller production occurs in Prance, Russia, and India. A large amount of furnace capacity has been shut down worldwide because of cost pressure from electric power costs, phosphate derived from purified wet acid, and detergent phosphate bans legislated in the Western World. However, as of late 1995, additional production is stiU being brought on line in China. 

Tidal Power. Tidal power is caused by the gravitational pull of the sun and especially the moon, as they pull at the earth. Reacting to this pull, the ocean s waters rise, causing a high tide where the moon is closest. The difference between low and high tide can range from a few cm to several meters. Harnessing tidal power for electricity production by the use of dams requires a tidal difference of at least 4.5 m, a requirement met at few locations in the United States. Thus, the principal demonstration sites of tidal power are in Canada, China, and France. 

Total worldwide sales of iadustrial diamond are currentiy about one biUion dollars (ca 100 t) per year. They are made in 16 countries the largest producers are General Electric, De Beers, which also has a large stake in natural diamonds, several Japanese firms, the People s RepubHc of China, and Russia. The market is very competitive, and manufacturers are reluctant to disclose detailed sales information. 

The earliest method for manufacturiag carbon disulfide involved synthesis from the elements by reaction of sulfur and carbon as hardwood charcoal in externally heated retorts. Safety concerns, short Hves of the retorts, and low production capacities led to the development of an electric furnace process, also based on reaction of sulfur and charcoal. The commercial use of hydrocarbons as the source of carbon was developed in the 1950s, and it was still the predominate process worldwide in 1991. That route, using methane and sulfur as the feedstock, provides high capacity in an economical, continuous unit. Retort and electric furnace processes are stiU used in locations where methane is unavailable or where small plants are economically viable, for example in certain parts of Africa, China, India, Russia, Eastern Europe, South America, and the Middle East. Other technologies for synthesis of carbon disulfide have been advocated, but none has reached commercial significance. 

Chin. Pat. CN 86,101,597 (Sept. 23, 1987), G. Fang (to Wuhan Bicycle Electric Plating Plant, Peoples RepubHc of China). 

Particulate fillers are divided into two types, inert fillers and reinforcing fillers. The term inert filler is something of a misnomer as many properties may be affected by incorporation of such a filler. For example, in a plasticised PVC compound the addition of an inert filler will reduce die swell on extrusion, increase modulus and hardness, may provide a white base for colouring, improve electrical insulation properties and reduce tackiness. Inert fillers will also usually substantially reduce the cost of the compound. Amongst the fillers used are calcium carbonates, china clay, talc, and barium sulphate. For normal uses such fillers should be quite insoluble in any liquids with which the polymer compound is liable to come into contact. 

For electrical insulation china clay is commonly employed whilst various calcium carbonates (whiting, ground limestone, precipitated calcium carbonate, and coated calcium carbonate) are used for general purpose work. Also occasionally employed are talc, light magnesium carbonate, barytes (barium sulphate) and the silicas and silicates. For flooring applications asbestos has been an important filler. The effect of fillers on some properties of plasticised PVC are shown in Figure 12.21 (a-d). 

Asbestos may be used for improved heat and chemical resistance and silica, mica and china clay for low water absorption grades. Iron-free mica powder is particularly useful where the best possible electrical insulation characteristics are required but because of the poor adhesion of resin to the mica it is usually used in conjunction with a fibrous material such as asbestos. Organic fillers are commonly used in a weight ratio of 1 1 with the resin and mineral fillers in the ratio 1.5 1. 

China clay or kmlin, which is predominantly kaolinite, is particularly valuable because it is essentially free from iron impurities (and therefore colourless). World production in 1991 was 24.7M1 (USA 39%, UK 13%, Colombia, Korea and USSR 7% each). In the USA over half of this vast tonnage is used for paper filling or paper coating and only 130000 tonnes was used for china, crockery, and earthenware, which is now usually made from ball clay, a particularly fine-grained, highly plastic material which is predominantly kaolinite together with clay-mica and quartz. Some 800000 tonnes of ball clay is used annually in the USA for white ware, table ware, wall and floor tiles, sanitary ware, and electrical porcelain. 

Talc, unlike Che micas, consists of electrically neutral layers without the interleaving cations. It is valued for its softness, smoothrtess and dry lubricating properties, and for its whitertess, chermcal inertness and foliated structure. Its most important abdications are in ceramics, insecticides, paints and paper manufacture. The more familiar use in cosmetics and toilet preparations accounts for only 3% of world production which is about 5 Mt per annum. Half of this comes from Japan and the USA. and other major producers are Korea, the former Soviet Union, France and China. Talc and its more massive mineral form soapstone or steatite arc widely distributed throughout the world and many countries produce it for domestic consumption either by open-cast or underground mining. 

About one-third of the copper used is secondary copper (i.e. scrap) but the annual production of new metal is nearly 8 million tonnes, the chief sources (1993) being Chile (22%), the USA (20%), the former Soviet Union (9%), Canada and China (7.5% each) and Zambia (5%). The major use is as an electrical conductor but it is also widely employed in coinage alloys as well as the traditional bronze (Cu plus 7-10% Sn), brass (Cu-Zn), and special alloys such as Monel (Ni-Cu). 

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