Analysis chemiluminescence detection

K. Dai, A.G. Vlessidis, N.P. Evmiridis, Dialysis membrane sampler for on-line flow injection analysis/chemiluminescence detection of peroxynitrite in biological samples, Talanta 59 (2003) 55. 

The efficient recovery of volatile nitrosamines from frankfurters, followed by gc with chemiluminescence detection, has been described (133). Recoveries ranged from 84.3 to 104.8% for samples spiked at the 20 ppb level. Methods for herbicide residues and other contaminants that may also relate to food have been discussed. Inorganic elements in food can be deterrnined by atomic absorption (AA) methods. These methods have been extensively reviewed. Table 8 Hsts methods for the analysis of elements in foods (134). 

Anions of another group were derivatized with formation of gaseous chemiluminescing species. Chemical reaction - gas extraction has been used with chemiluminescence detection in the stream of canier gas in on-line mode. Rate of a number of reactions has been studied as well as kinetic curves of extraction of gaseous products. Highly sensitive and rapid hybrid procedures have been developed for the determination of lO, BrO, CIO, CIO, NO,, N03, CrO, CIO, Br, T, S, 803 with detection limits at the level of pg/L, duration of analysis 3 min. 

Vinas et al. [46] also determined penicillamine by chemiluminescence - flow injection analysis. The sample was dissolved in water, and a portion of resulting solution was introduced into an FIA system consisting of 5 mM luminol in 0.1 M KOH-boric acid buffer (pH 10.4), 50 pM Cu(II), and 10 mM H202 eluted at 7.2 mL/min. Chemiluminescent detection was used, the calibration graphs were linear from 0.1 to 10 mM of penicillamine, and the coefficients of variation were from 1.2% and 2.1%i. 

Chemiluminescence reactions are currently exploited mainly either for analyte concentration measurements or for immunoanalysis and nucleic acid detection. In the latter case, a compound involved in the light emitting reaction is used as a label for immunoassays or for nucleic acid probes. In the former case, the analyte of interest directly participates in a chemiluminescence reaction or undergoes a chemical or an enzymatic transformation in such a way that one of the reaction products is a coreactant of a chemiluminescence reaction. In this respect, chemiluminescent systems that require H2O2 for the light emission are of particular interest in biochemical analysis. Hydrogen peroxide is in fact a product of several enzymatic reactions, which can be then coupled to a chemiluminescent detection. 

Blankenstein G., Preuschoff F., Spohn U., Mohr K.H., Kula M.R., Determination of L-glutamate and L-glutamine by flow-injection analysis and chemiluminescence detection comparison of an enzyme column and enzyme membrane sensor, Anal. Chim. Acta 1993 271 231-237. 

Sakamoto [243] determined picomolar levels of cobalt in seawater by flow injection analysis with chemiluminescence detection. In this method flow injection analysis was used to automate the determination of cobalt in seawater by the cobalt-enhanced chemiluminescence oxidation of gallic acid in alkaline hydrogen peroxide. A preconcentration/separation step in the flow injection analysis manifold with an in-line column of immobilised 8-hydroxyquinoline was included to separate the cobalt from alkaline-earth ions. One sample analysis takes 8 min, including the 4-min sample load period. The detection limit is approximately 8 pM. The average standard deviation of replicate analyses at sea of 80 samples was 5%. The method was tested and inter calibrated on samples collected off the California coast. 

Eirod et al. [352] determined sub-nanomolar levels of iron (II) and total dissolved iron in seawater by flow injection analysis with chemiluminescent detection in amounts down to 0.45 nmol/1. 

Worsfold et al. [960] have discussed the application of flow injection analysis with chemiluminescence detection for the shipboard monitoring of trace metals. 

PRINCIPLES OF FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS WITH CHEMILUMINESCENCE DETECTION... 

Hollowell DA, Gord JR, Gordon G, et al. 1986. Selective chlorine dioxide determination using gas-diffusion flow injection analysis with chemiluminescent detection. Anal Chem 58 1524-1527. 

Li FM, Zhang CH, Guo XJ, Feng WY. Chemiluminescence detection in HPLC and CE for pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. Biomedical Chromatography 17, 96-105, 2003. 

Hi. Lysine. Gamma radiolysis of aerated aqueous solution of lysine (94) has been shown, as inferred from iodometric measurements, to give rise to hydroperoxides in a similar yield to that observed for valine and leucine. However, attempts to isolate by HPLC the peroxidic derivatives using the post-column derivatization chemiluminescence detection approach were unsuccessful. This was assumed to be due to the instability of the lysine hydroperoxides under the conditions of HPLC analysis. Indirect evidence for the OH-mediated formation of hydroperoxides was provided by the isolation of four hydroxylated derivatives of lysine as 9-fluoromethyl chloroformate (FMOC) derivatives . Interestingly, NaBILj reduction of the irradiated lysine solutions before FMOC derivatization is accompanied by a notable increase in the yields of hydroxylysine isomers. Among the latter oxidized compounds, 3-hydroxy lysine was characterized by extensive H NMR and ESI-MS measurements whereas one diastereomer of 4-hydroxylysine and the two isomeric forms of 5-hydroxylysine were identified by comparison of their HPLC features as FMOC derivatives with those of authentic samples prepared by chemical synthesis. A reasonable mechanism for the formation of the four different hydroxylysines and, therefore, of related hydroperoxides 98-100, involves initial OH-mediated hydrogen abstraction followed by O2 addition to the carbon-centered radicals 95-97 thus formed and subsequent reduction of the resulting peroxyl radicals (equation 55). 

Gaffney, J. S., R. M. Bornick, Y.-H. Chen, and N. A. Marley, Capillary Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Nitrogen Dioxide and PANs with Luminol Chemiluminescent Detection, Atmos. Environ., 32, 1445-1454(1998). 

J. Zheng, S. R. Springston, and J. Weinstein-Lloyd, Quantitative Analysis of Hydroperoxyl Radical Using Flow Injection Analysis with Chemiluminescence Detection, Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 2601 A. R. Bowie,... 

Sakamoto-Arnold, C.M., and K.S. Johnson. 1987. Determination of picomolar levels of cobalt in seawater by flow injection analysis with chemiluminescence detection. Anal. Chem. 59 1789-1794. 

Kricka, L. J., Stott, R A W., and Thorpe, G. H. G (1991) Enhanced chemiluminescent detection of horseradish peroxidase labels in ligand binder assays, in Luminescence Techniques in Chemical and Biochemical Analysis (Bayens, W R. G., De Kekeleire, D, and Korkidis, K, eds.), Dekker, New York, pp 599-635... 

Al-Gailani, B.R.M., G.M. Greenway, and T. McCreedy. 2007. Miniaturized flow-injection-analysis (jiFIA) system with on-hne chemiluminescence detection based on the luminol-hypochlorite reaction for the determination of ammonium in river water. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 87 425-436. 

Nelstrop, L.J., Greenwood, P.A., Greenway, G.M., An investigation of electroosmotic flow and pressure pumped luminol chemiluminescence detection for cobalt analysis in a miniaturised total analytical system. Labchip 2001, 1, 138-142. 

Rong, W., Kutter, J.P., On-line chemiluminescence detection of bioprocesses using polymer-based microchips with immobilized enzymes. Micro Total Analysis Systems, Proceedings 5th pTAS Symposium, Monterey, CA, Oct. 21-25, 2001, 181-182. 

Liu, B.E, Ozaki, M., Terabe, S., Utsumi, Y., Hattori, T., Comparison of different strategies of chemiluminescence detection for microchip system fabricated in poly(Dimethylsiloxane). Micro Total Analysis Systems Proceedings pTAS 2002 symposium, 6th, Nara, Japan, Nov. 3-7, 2002, 293-295. 

R.L. Shearer, D.L. O Neal, R. Rios and D.M. Baker, Analysis of sulfur compounds by capillary column gas chromatography with sulfur chemiluminescence detection, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 28, 24-28 (1990). 

Sato K, Tanaka S. Determination of metal ions by flow injection analysis with peroxy-oxalate chemiluminescence detection. Microchem J 1996 53 93-8. 

---