Classifications chemical type

A classification by chemical type is given ia Table 1. It does not attempt to be either rigorous or complete. Clearly, some materials could appear ia more than one of these classifications, eg, polyethylene waxes [9002-88 ] can be classified ia both synthetic waxes and polyolefins, and fiuorosihcones ia sihcones and fiuoropolymers. The broad classes of release materials available are given ia the chemical class column, the principal types ia the chemical subdivision column, and one or two important selections ia the specific examples column. Many commercial products are difficult to place ia any classification scheme. Some are of proprietary composition and many are mixtures. For example, metallic soaps are often used ia combination with hydrocarbon waxes to produce finely dispersed suspensions. Many products also contain formulating aids such as solvents, emulsifiers, and biocides. 

The classification of dyes according to thek usage is summari2ed in Table 1, which is arranged according to the Cl appHcation classification. It shows the principal substrates, the methods of appHcation, and the representative chemical types for each appHcation class. 

There is Httle correlation between classifications according to chemical type and appHcation properties. AppHcation classifications are of most practical usefulness to the dyer, and therefore the chemical constitutions of dyes are described here only briefly. Further detailed information on dye types (10) and their chemical manufacture (11) can be found elsewhere, and ia many other Eniyclopedia articles to which references are made. 

To detect adulteration of wine. Bums et al. (2002) found that the ratios of acetylated to p-coumaroylated conjugates of nine characteristic anthocyanins served as useful parameters to determine grape cultivars for a type of wine. Our laboratory utilized mid-infrared spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis to provide spectral signature profiles that allowed the chemically based classification of antho-cyanin-containing fruits juices and produced distinctive and reproducible chemical fingerprints, making it possible to discriminate different juices. " This new application of ATR-FTIR to detect adulteration in anthocyanin-containing juices and foods may be an effective and efficient method for manufacturers to assure product quality and authenticity. 

Defoamer formulations currently contain numerous ingredients to meet the diverse requirements for which they are formulated. Various classification approaches are possible, including classification by application, physical form of the defoamer, and the chemical type of the defoamer. In general, defoamers contain a variety of active ingredients, both in solid and in liquid states, and a number of ancillary agents such as emulsifiers, spreading agents, thickeners, preservatives, carrier oils, compatibilizers, solvents, and water. 

Finally, the 3D-LogP descriptor may be used for the 3D screening of virtual molecular conformation libraries wherein the selection of candidate molecules might not only be driven by pharmacophoric but also by physicochemical constraints. Similarly, we anticipate that the 3D-LogP descriptor will also become useful for the design of chemical libraries in which the description of the conformational space is taken into account in the description of the constituent molecules. We are currently enhancing the descriptor by implementing the last atom type classification system proposed by Wildman and Crippen (54). 

There is little correlation between classifications according to chemical type and application properties. Application classifications are of most practical usefulness to the dyer. 

A classification by chemical type is given hi Table 1, It does not attempt to be either rigorous or complete. The broad classes of release materials available are given ill the chemical class column, the principal types in the chemical subdivision column, and one or two important selections in the specific examples column. 

Since the basis of chemical-conversion classification is a chemical one, emphasis is placed on the important industrial chemical reactions and chemical processes in Part 1 of this book. These chapters focus on the various chemical reactions and the type of equipment that might be used in such processes. The contents of this part are in alphabetical order by reaction name. 

The discussion here is limited to the following topics that concern photochromic classes that are potential plastic colorants chemical types or classification, manufacture, activation processes, attributes, and industrial usage. 

In the following classification, insecticides and herbicides are distinguished by chemical type. However, this classification is not unique since some may be used for both purposes. Combinations of herbicides or insecticides may be found in some commercial formulations. 

Dyes may be classified according to their chemical structure or the method by which they are applied to the substrate. The dye manufacturers and dye chemists prefer the former approach of classifying dyes according to the chemical type. The dye users, however, prefer the latter approach of classification according to the application method. 

With this background, the reader should be ready to consider the trends in phase behavior for a number of experimental systems. Several compilations are available for experimental systems and their type classifications. These are typically in terms of homologous series, similar to the experimental programs themselves. We prefer to organize the list according to the type behavior. The type behavior plays a larger role the chemical processing. 

Chemical The classification of solids into molecular, metallic, covalent (polymeric) and ionic types classification is useful provided it is recognized that there are no hard boundaries between them. 

According to chemical type pesticide classification includes organophosphates, N-methyl carbamates, chlorinated hydrocarbons, bisdithiocarbamates, phenoxyaliphatic acids, phenol derivatives, etc. 

It is convenient to classify sulfonates into four main chemical types (1) aliphatic and alicyclic, (2) aromatic, (3) heterocyclic, and (4) N-sulfo-nates or sulfamates. The first three types have the —SO2OH group on carbon, the chemical nature of which determines the classification. Thus, CeH60CH2S020Na (sodium phenoxymethanesulfonate) would be considered an aliphatic sulfonate. 

Chemical typing and/or SIZING Classification of features (phases or particles) according to elemental composition, size or shape. 

From the chemists has come the classification of adhesives and sealants by chemical type, and from the mechanical engineers the classification as either structural or non-structural. Neither is a pure system, since many adhesives and sealants have more than a single chemical base resin, and many structural -based resin systems are used in non-structural applications. In a chapter entitled Structural Adhesives we are told that the term structural adhesive came into general use in the 1960 1970 period, but to this day all definitions are inadequate [9, Chap. 7]. Adhesive manufacturers and their advertising... 

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