System type classification

Fig. 6.22 Relationship between system type classification and the Nyquist diagram. For a step input,...

Enzyme Nomenclature. The number of enzymes known exceeds two thousand. A system of classification and nomenclature is required to identify them unambiguously. During the nineteenth century, it was the practice to identify enzymes by adding the suffix -in to the name of their source. Names such as papain, ftcin, trypsin, pepsin, etc, are still in use. However, this system does not give any indication of the nature of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme or the type of substrate involved. 

Air type Classification of air at a specific point in its passage through an air conditioning or ventilation system, either in the duct or the space, e.g., outdoor air, supply air, treated air, recirculated air, extract air, etc. 

For a system of classification of cycloaddition reactions, see Huisgen, R. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 1968, 7, 321. For a review of certain types of cycloadditions leading to three- to six-membered rings involving 2, 3, or 4 components, see Posner, G.H. Chem. Rev, 1986, 86, 831. See also the series Advances in Cycloaddition. 

The large number of cytochromes identified contain a variety of porphyrin ring systems. The classification of the cytochromes is complicated because they differ from one organism to the next the redox potential of a given cytochrome is tailored to the specific needs of the electron transfer sequences of the particular system. The cytochromes are one-electron carriers and the electron flow passes from one cytochrome type to another. The terminal member of the chain, cytochrome c oxidase, has the property of reacting directly with oxygen such that, on electron capture, water is formed ... 

Scrubber Types and Performance The diversity of particulate scrubber designs is so great as to defy any detailed and self-consistent system of classification based on configuration or principle of operation. However, it is convenient to characterize scrubbers loosely according to prominent constructional features, even though the modes of operation of different devices in a group may vary widely. 

Finally, the 3D-LogP descriptor may be used for the 3D screening of virtual molecular conformation libraries wherein the selection of candidate molecules might not only be driven by pharmacophoric but also by physicochemical constraints. Similarly, we anticipate that the 3D-LogP descriptor will also become useful for the design of chemical libraries in which the description of the conformational space is taken into account in the description of the constituent molecules. We are currently enhancing the descriptor by implementing the last atom type classification system proposed by Wildman and Crippen (54). 

A system of classification (based largely on the previously proposed systems of Dethier al- 2), and Beck ( ), and Whittaker and Feeney (16)) of the major types of chemical factors Involved in plant-insect interactions has been proposed (25)... 

A starting point for relief sizing is therefore to determine the system types according to each of the above classifications. The appropriate Chapter (6, 7 or 8) can then be consulted for relief system sizing. 

This section is concerned with calorimetry to determine the classification of the reacting system (as described in Chapter 4) so that appropriate relief sizing methods can be used. The measurement of data for relief sizing is described in A2.4 to A2.6 below, depending on the results of the classification of system type for relief sizing. 

A discussion of the various detectors employed in GC is covered in Chapter 5. Our purpose here is only to categorize the detection system according to whether they are an integral type system or a differential type system. This classification is an old one any detection system can be made integral or differential simply by a modification of the detector electronics. A more modern categorization would be instantaneous (differential) and... 

Classilicalion of coals in Europe and other parts of the world differs somewhat from the American system. European classifications include ( ) the International Classification of Hard Coals by Type and (2) the International Classification of Brown Coals. These systems were developed by a Classification Working Party established in 1949 by the Coal Committee of die Economic Commission for Europe. The term "hard coal" is defined as a coal with a clorific value of more than 10.260 Blu per pound (5705 Calories/kg) on the moist, ash-free basis. The term "brown coal" refers to a coal containing less than 10.260 Blu per pound (5705 Calories/kg). In European terminology, ihe term "type" is equivalent to rank in American coal classification terminology and the term class approximates ihe ASTM rank. Space docs not permit a full comparison or the various systems. Reference to various ASTM publications is suggested. 

Figure 7.7 Classification of osmotic delivery systems types I and II.

If that does occur, then the present system of classification of oils may be impossible to police, and a modified system may become necessary. Perhaps the sale and perceived value of oils will necessarily become dependent on the performance, not the source of the oil. With bulk oils such as palm, peanut, sunflower, safflower, sesame, soya, rapeseed, com, fish, and animal fats and oils, the fatty acid composition will obviously be important for health reasons. If the oil is to be used for frying then the frying properties will be important. In the case of palm products the physical properties and minor components such as carotenoids will be defined. Similarly animal fats will be judged mainly on physical behaviour and effect on the product in which they are used. In all cases the oxidative and stability of the oil will have to be defined. Sesame is a very stable oil, and thus its stability, together with its low level of linolenic acid, would be its major attribute, except for toasted sesame, which would probably be classed as a specialist oil. Already most baking fats sold to the public are blends developed to give the best performance, with no mention on the pack as to the source. If a bulk oil of this type had the desired chemical composition, stability and cooking behaviour, then perhaps the source would not be a matter of concern. 

Using the expression (5.22) together with Tables 5.5 and 5.6 on the base of the general principles reported in Sect. 5.2 one can carry out an exhaustive classification of the four-component systems as it has been already done for terpolymerization in Sect. 5.3. However, when the forth monomer is added, the number of the system types increases from 7 (see Fig. 6) to 41 (see Fig. 9) and that is a reason why the results of the complete theoretical analysis cannot be represented in the framework of this review. Without appealing to the classification and using only the algorithm described in Sect. 5.2 one may present a phase portrait of any concrete four-component system and hence predict the qualitative character of its dynamic behavior before the computer calculations of trajectories x(p) are performed. 

Publications in plant systematica sometimes are built according to the stereotypical pattern in natural sciences definition of the problem - material and methods - results of observations and/or experiments - discussion. In many cases, however, the results of the systematic research are presented differently, viz. as a survey of a part of the system of classification. The degree of elaboration of the survey and the scope of the research (geographically and taxonomical-ly) may differ widely. The diagram in fig. 5 gives a diagram of the different types of classifying publications. 

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