Catalysis engines

Prof. Dr. Freek Kapteijn Delft University ofTechnology Reactor and Catalysis Engineering Julianalaan 136 2628 BL Delft The Netherlands... 

Catalysis Engineering—ChemE-TUDelft, Delft, The Netherlands... 

Reactor and Catalysis Engineering, Delft ChemTech, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands... 

Figure 9.14. Effectivenes factor as a fucntion of Thiele modulus for different kinetic expressions (NIOK Course Advanced Catalysis Engineering, Delft, 2003, handouts).

Reactor and Catalysis Engineering Group, Delft ChemTech,... 

Moulijn, J.A., Makkee, M., and van Diepen, A.E., (2003). Process Technology, Chapter 5 Synthesis Gas. Delft University Applied Sciences, Reactor and Catalysis Engineering. 

Sartipi S, Makkee M, Kapteijn F, Gascon J. Catalysis engineering of bifunctional solids for the one-step synthesis of liquid fuels from syngas a review. Catal Sci Technol 2014 4 893-907. 

H. Shibata, Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction—Catalysis Engineering and Reaction Mechanism, PhD Dissertation, Technische Universiteit Delft, The Netherlands, 2009. ISBN 978-90-6464-341-5. 

Fig. 10.20 Temperature and concentration gradients in the gas film and catalyst particle. (After J.A. Moulijn, Lecture notes on catalysis engineering, NlOK, 2003).

Catalysis spans chemistry, chemical engineering, materials science and biology. The goal here is to enliven the subject with diverse examples showing the microscopic details of catalysis. 

Integrating ohemistry and ohemioal engineering of industrial prooesses, homogeneous and heterogeneous oatalysis. Somorjai G A 1994 Introduction to Surface Chemistry and Catalysis (New York Wiley)... 

I ovolac Synthesis and Properties. Novolac resins used in DNQ-based photoresists are the most complex, the best-studied, the most highly engineered, and the most widely used polymers in microlithography. Novolacs are condensation products of phenoHc monomers (typically cresols or other alkylated phenols) and formaldehyde, formed under acid catalysis. Figure 13 shows the polymerization chemistry and polymer stmcture formed in the step growth polymerization (31) of novolac resins. 

A large number of hindered phenoHc antioxidants are based on the Michael addition of 2,6-di-/ f2 -butylphenol and methyl acrylate under basic catalysis to yield the hydrocinnamate which is a basic building block used in the production of octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-/ f2 butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, [2082-79-3], tetrakis(methylene-3(3,5-di-/ f2 butyl-4-hydroxylphenyl)propionate)methane [6683-19-8], and many others (63,64). These hindered phenolic antioxidants are the most widely used primary stabilizers in the world and are used in polyolefins, synthetic and natural mbber, styrenics, vinyl polymers, and engineering resins. 2,6-Di-/ f2 -butylphenol is converted to a methylene isocyanate which is trimerized to a triazine derivative... 

There are many important examples of catalysis in the Hquid phase, but catalysis in the gas phase is unusual. From an engineering viewpoint, most of the hquid-phase processes have the foUowing characteristics in common. 

G. B. Fisher and co-workers. The Kole of Ceria in Automotive Exhaust Catalysis and OBD-II Catalyst Monitoring, SAE 931034, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., 1993. 

H. Heinman and J. J. Carberry, eds.. Catalysis Eeviews—Science and Engineering, Vol. 26, Marcel-Dekker, New York, 1984. 

A surface scientist working on molecular scale of catalysis may become disappointed by seeing how little quantitative use can be made in reaction engineering of the newest and theoretically most interesting instrumental techniques. It may be of some solace to them that it is not their fault. The quantitative consequences of important insights will have to evolve from much closer cooperation between physicists, chemists and engineers. This will require people reasonably well informed in all three fields. 

A good review of the transient response method in heterogeneous catalysis was published by Kobayashi and Kobayashi (1974). These authors credit Bermett (1967) for applying this previously microcatalytic research technique to recycle reactors and thereby, in view of this author, to engineering problems. 

Engineered mutations in the substrate specificity pocket change the rate of catalysis... 

Carter, P., Wells, J.A. Engineering enzyme specificity by "substrate-assisted catalysis." Science 237 394-399, 1987. 

Thomas, P.G., Russel, A.J., Fersht, A. Tailoring the pH dependence of enzyme catalysis using protein engineering. Nature 318 375-376, 1985. 

Wells, T.N.C., Fersht, A.R. Hydrogen bonding in enzymatic catalysis analyzed by protein engineering. Nature 316 656-657, 1985. 

A structural anomaly in subtilisin has functional consequences Transition-state stabilization in subtilisin is dissected by protein engineering Catalysis occurs without a catalytic triad Substrate molecules provide catalytic groups in substrate-assisted catalysis Conclusion Selected readings... 

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