Chemical polymerization functional molecules

The synthesis of the j>. newington O-antigenic polysaccharide by the chemical polymerization pathway will be discussed as an example (J 6 J 7) The first and the most difficult task consists in the preparation of the monomer itself, i. e. , the properly functionalized, oligosaccharide repeating unit. The most usual approach is to introduce the required functions into the already-existing oligosaccharide molecule. 

Noncrystalline microporous materials may also be synthesized by a technique called molecular imprinting. In this process, a molecular template, called a print molecule, is used to direct the arrangement of functional monomers around the template, which can then be fixed by chemical polymerization with a crosslinking monomer. This results in the formation of a rigid matrix with the template embedded in it. The removal of the template exposes the functional sites, which can specifically recognize the print molecule or molecules similar to it. This technique can be effectively used to synthesize catalytic and enzymatic hosts having specific interactions with a particular kind of molecule and can be used for separations as well. For a review of molecular imprinting, the reader is referred to Refs. ° . ... 

The bead surface critically affects nonspecific binding, which is particularly serious in the presence of physiological fluids, e.g., human whole blood. Conventional polymeric surfaces need chemical coupling processes to immobilize functional molecules and are vulnerable to contamination originating from nonspecific adsorption of proteins that are not analytes, like albumins in blood. Polymers including ethylene glycol oligomers have been tried in an effort to... 

Chemical polymerization methods are also available for preparation of functionalized conducting polymers. Several techniques are shown in Table 2. In these cases, all kinds of functional molecules (negatively charged, neutral, positively charged) can be incorporated. 

Using functional molecules as structural directors in the chemical polymerization bath can also produce polyaniline nanostructures. Such structural directors include surfactants [16-18], liquid crystals [19], polyelectrolytes (including DNA) [20,21], or complex bulky dopants [22-24]. It is believed that functional molecules can promote the formation of nanostructured soft condensed phase materials (e.g., micelles and emulsions) that can serve as soft templates for aniline polymerization (Figure 7.3). Polyelectrolytes such as polyacrylic acid, polystyrenesulfonic acid, and DNA can bind aniline monomer molecules, which can be polymerized in situ forming polyaniline nanowires along the polyelectrolyte molecules. Compared to templated syntheses, self-assembly routes are more scalable but they rely on the structural director molecules. It is also difficult to make nanostructures with small diameters (e.g., <50 nm). For example, in the dopant induced self-assembly route, very complex dopants with bulky side groups are needed to obtain nanotubes with diameters smaller than 100 nm, such as sulfonated naphthalene derivatives [23-25], fidlerenes [26], or dendrimers [27,28]. 

The author and his research group have established several methods for synthesis of functional molecules incorporating conducting polymers by hybridizations, which are shown in Table 9.1 [4]. In principle, there are three methods of obtaining conducting polymers. They are electrolytic polymerization (electrochemical polymerization), chemical polymerization and photopolymerization (photopolymerization and photosensitized polymerization). Table 9.1 shows examples of how to obtain functional molecules incorporating conducting polymers. 

When an anionic polyelectrolyte is used as a supporting electrolyte, this poly electrolyte is incorporated as a dopant [6]. Such an anionic polyelectrolyte can also be incorporated by the chemical polymerization method [7]. Owing to the tight hybridization of the polyelectrolyte and the conducting polymer, the anionic polyelectrolyte dopant is not liberated even when the polymer is electrochemically reduced and a pseudo-cathodic doping takes place to conserve electroneutrality. Accordingly, a cationic functional molecule can be incorporated (Table 9.1 (2)) [6]. 

Chemical polymerization methods are also available for preparation of functionalized conducting polymers. Several techniques are shown in Table 9.1. The vapour/liquid interface chemical polymerization is recommended to obtain a thin and highly transparent membrane (film) (Table 9.1 (3)) [8]. On the other hand, utilizing an appropriate support which contains any kind of functional molecule, the functional molecule incorporating conducting polymer membrane, as well as a simple conducting polymer, is obtained by the methods illustrated in Table 9.1 (4). By these methods, it is possible to... 

Photopolymerization is also available to obtain the functional molecule incorporating conducting polymer in lieu of chemical polymerization. 

The FRRPP process has been shown to produce oil recovery compositions comprising of multifunctional multipolymeric surfactants that contain monomeric, oligomeric, and/or polymeric units containing functional groups that are chemically and functionally similar to various small-molecule, oligomeric, and polymeric additives found in various stages of oil/bitumen recovery operations. In various prior... 

Proteins constitute one of the most important classes of biomolecules, and they are polymeric organic molecules. Proteins are important for virtually everything connected with cell structure and cell function. Chemically, proteins are polymers of amino acid residues, linked from the amino group to the carboxyl group. In other words, they are large polypeptides. The 1-amino acids are the most important contributors to biologically important proteins, although d-amino acids are sometimes incorporated. This section will introduce some important proteins. 

The author would like to thank Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (No. 21350066) and Challenging Exploratory Research (No. 23655105) of JSPS, as well as Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas ( Stimuli-Responsive Chemical Species for the Creation of Functional Molecules and New Polymeric Materials Based on Element Blocks, Nos. 25109529, 25102532) for financial support. 

Moreover, most polymers can easily be functionalized by pre-polymerization (Guillerm et al, 2012) or post-polymerization (Arnold et al, 2012) methods incorporating functional molecules to the structure, such as biological receptors (Shakya et al, 2010). Therefore, polymer scientists have a wide range of possibilities in terms of polymer chemical structures, polymer architectures and polymer modifications to develop an infinite number of applications for these smart materials (Stuart ef ai, 2010). 

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