CHEMICAL INDUSTRY TOXICOLOGY

The particle size and chemical composition of lead and lead compounds affect the readiness with which lead is absorbed from the lungs and digestive tract (see Lead compounds, industrial toxicology). Larger particles and compounds having low aqueous solubiHty are less hazardous than finely divided particles and compounds of higher solubiHty. 

Based on tests with laboratory animals, aniline may cause cancer. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (CUT) conducted lifetime rodent feeding studies, and both studies found tumors of the spleen at high dosage (100 —300 mg/kg pet day of aniline chloride). CUT found no tumors at the 10—30 mg/kg per day feeding rates. The latter value is equivalent to a human 8-h inhalation level of 17—50 ppm aniline vapor. In a short term (10-d) inhalation toxicity test by Du Pont, a no-effect level of 17 ppm aniline vapor was found for rats. At high levels (47—87 ppm), there were blood-related effects which were largely reversible within a 13-d recovery period (70). 

A scientific, non-profit making, non-commercial association, financed by 50 of the leading companies with interests in the manufacture and use of chemicals. It provides a scientific fomm through which the European chemical industry can research, review, assess and publish studies on the ecotoxicoiogy and toxicology of chemicals. 

Chemical Company of Malaysia Berhad, See CCM Chemicals Sdn Bird (Malaysia), 191 Chemical Databases Software, 308 Chemical Fabrics and Film Association, 269 Chemical Industries Association (CIA), 265 Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (CUT), 269 Chemical Institute of Canada (CIC), 259 Chemical Lime Co., 223... 

CIIT. 1983a. 90-Day vapor inhalation toxicity study of hydrogen sulfide in B6C3Fj mice. Report to the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, NC, by ToxiGenics, Inc. CUT docket 42063. 

To produce QSAR models, a data set containing chemicals within a specified well-defined end-point is necessary. Since our knowledge about the properties of the natural compounds that surround us is very poor, especially for allelochemicals and toxicological evaluation of synthetic pesticides is well documented (regulators oblige the chemical industry to produce experimental data for synthetic chemicals, before they can be marketed), when allelochemicals toxicity values are not available, pesticides with similar structure can be used in the analysis. Therefore suitable data sets can be defined with pesticides and their activities, to predict the toxicity (activity) of the allelochemicals. 

BP = British Petroleum America CUT = Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology NCI = National Cancer Institute NIEHS = National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences NIOSH =... 

Chemicals in this class include agricultural and industrial chemicals that are readily available and possess appropriate chemical and toxicological properties to create a mass impact if deliberately released. These materials were selected by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and Department of Defense. 

Introduction The inherent nature of most chemicals handled in the chemical process industries is that they each have physical, chemical, and toxicological hazards to a greater or lesser degree. This requires that these hazards be contained and controlled throughout the entire life cycle of the facility, to avoid loss, injury and environmental damage. The provisions that will be necessary to contain and control the hazards will vary significantly depending on the chemicals and process conditions required. 

Hext, P.M. 1989. 90-day inhalation toxicity study in the rat. ICI Report No. CTL/P/2466. Central Toxicology Laboratory, Imperial Chemical Industries, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, U.K. (Cited in NRC 1996). 

CUT. 1977. Current status report No. 1. -Hexane. Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology,... 

There are no occupational exposure limits for many hazardous substances which may require control of inhalation exposures. The necessary data and other resources required for setting such limits is restricted and unlikely to match the potential demand. A hazard categorisation scheme was, therefore, developed for application within the chemical industry. The scheme used readily-available information on toxicological endpoints to place hazardous substances into a limited range of hazard categories, expressed as Occupational Exposure Bands. These Bands could be used as a basis for risk assessment and the selection of appropriate control regimes. 10 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY EUROPEAN UNION UK WESTERN EUROPE... 

External Activities. The chemical industry responds to TSCA through a variety of activities external to the individual corporation or company. Such organizations did not arise as a result directly of TSCA but do respond to some of TSCA s requirements. For example, the CUT (Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology) carries on testing of various chemical substances for the chemical industry, thus preventing duplicative testing by each manufacturer or user. In addition, its separate identity from the chemical industry increases the acceptability of its test results. 

The area of occupational toxicology has received a great deal of attention in the chemical industry. Historically, the chemical industry has focused on the occupational environment and developed many of our current toxicological methods to address health and safety concerns. However, since the mid-1970s the chemical industry has increasingly become subject to testing requirements relevant to the protection of the environment and the public at large, as mandated by Environmental... 

TABLE 14.3. Comparison of Occupational Toxicology in Pharmaceutical and Chemical Industries... 

This chapter covered only a small proportion of the vast number of chemicals that can be found in the workplace. For more definitive information on a wide variety of toxic substances, the reader is referred to standard references on industrial toxicology. Of these, one of the most useful for a quick summary of toxic effects and management is Chemical Hazards in the Workplace by N. H. Proctor and J. P. Hughes. Definitive reviews of many chemicals are published by the American Industrial Hygiene Association and the National Safety Council among others. Sources are given in Appendix III. 

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