Chemical formulas binary

The formulas of ionic compounds have a different meaning from those of molecular compounds. Each crystal of sodium chloride has a different total number of cations and anions. We cannot simply specify the numbers of ions present as the formula of this ionic compound, because each crystal would have a different formula and the subscripts would be enormous numbers. However, the ratio of the number of cations to the number of anions is the same in all the crystals, and the chemical formula shows this ratio. In sodium chloride, there is one Na+ ion for each Cl ion so its formula is NaCl. Sodium chloride is an example of a binary ionic compound, a compound formed from the ions of two elements. Another binary compound, CaCl2, is formed from Ca2+ and Cl- ions in the ratio 1 2, which is required for electrical neutrality. 

The written name of a compound includes the names of the elements it contains and information about the numbers of atoms of each element. The elements have to occur in some order, and this order is set by the same guidelines as for the chemical formula (see Section 3-11. Names can contain element names, roots derived from element names, and prefixes indicating the number of atoms of each element. Tables and 3 list the more important roots and prefixes that appear in the names of binaiy compounds. We can summarize the rules for naming binary compounds in three guidelines ... 

To balance a chemical equation, the chemical formulas for the reactants are first written on the left-hand side of the equation. For example, in the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, the chemical formulas are HCl and NaOH, respectively. Remember that if an acid starts with the prefix hydro-, it is a binary acid. That means that hydrochloric acid is made up of only two... 

The chemical reaction for mineral dissolution in Eq. 3.1 (the forward reaction) represents the stoichiometric decomposition of a binary solid compound into aqueous ionic species. It is an overall reaction based on a chemical formula for the solid phase and the hypothesis that free ionic species in aqueous solution will be created in proportion to their stoichiometry in the solid for at least some time... 

The phenomenon of superconductivity is common in several particular types of compounds. Thus more than two dozen binary compounds with the fee sodium chloride (NaCl) stracture are superconducting. The carbides AC and nitrides AN, such as NbN with Tc = 17 K, have the highest transition temperatures of this group, and the metallic A atoms with values above 10 K were Nb, Mo, Ta, W, and Zr. The NaCl-type superconductors are compositionally stoichiometric but not structurally so. hi other words, these compounds have a small to moderate concentration of vacancies in the lattice. For example, YS has 10% vacancies, which means that its chemical formula should properly be written 0,980.9. Nonstoichiometric NaCl-type compounds such as Tai.oCo.ye also exist. Ordinarily the vacancies are random, but sometimes they are ordered. 

The charge given to a polyatomic ion applies to the entire group of atoms. Although an ionic compound containing one or more polyatomic ions contains more than two atoms, the polyatomic ion acts as an individual ion. Therefore, the chemical formula for the compound can be written following the same rules used for a binary compound. 

The number of binary compounds alone is evidently considerable, and there is an indefinitely large number of compounds built of atoms of three or more elements. It seems logical to concentrate our attention first on the simplest compounds such as binary halides, chalconides, etc., for it would appear unlikely that we could understand the structures of more complex compounds unless the structures of the simpler ones are known and understood. However, it should be noted that simplicity of chemical formula may be deceptive, for the structures of many compounds with simple chemical formulae present considerable problems in bonding, and indeed the structures of some elements are incomprehensibly complex (for example, B and red P). On the other hand, there are compounds with complex formulae which have structures based on an essentially simple pattern, as are the numerous structures described in Chapter 3 which are based on the diamond net, one of the simplest 3-dimensional frameworks. We shall make a point of looking for the simple underlying structural themes in the belief that Nature prefers simplicity to complexity and also because structures are most easily understood if reduced to their simplest terms. 

Figure 4. BPS-MS results for ortho-nitro toluene. The changes in the relative yields of a number of fragment ions (with corresponding m/z and chemical formula) as a result of binary phase shaping. Concentric circles that represent the relative intensity are on the logarithmic scale. Results for TL pulses are normalized in such a way that all fragments are assigned a relative yield of unity and shown by the dashed circle. The solid line that encompasses the blue-shaded area represents yields for binary phase function that minimized the ion with m/z=120 the most..

Now let s go the other way and convert from systematic names to chemical formulas. The first step in writing formulas when given the systematic name of a binary covalent compound is to recognize the name as representing a binary covalent compound. It will have one of the following general forms. 

Follow these steps for writing formulas for binary covalent compounds when you are given a systematic name. Notice that they are the reverse of the steps for writing names from chemical formulas. 

Before you can write a chemical formula from the name of a compound, you need to recognize what type of compound the name represents. For binary ionic compounds, the first part of the name is the name of a metallic cation. This may include a Roman numeral in parentheses. The anion name starts with the root of the name of a nonmetal and ends with -ide. 

Convert between the systematic names and chemical formulas for binary covalent compounds. 

Given a name or chemical formula, tell whether it represents a binary ionic compound, an ionic compound with polyatomic ion(s), a binary covalent compound, a binary acid, or an oxyacid. 

Convert between names and chemical formulas for binary ionic compounds, ionic compounds with polyatomic ion(s), binary covalent compounds, binary acids, and oxyacids. 

Given a name or chemical formula, tell whether it represents a binary ionic compound. 

Types of Chemical Formulas Ionic Compounds Binary Covalent Compounds Alkanes... 

Formulas for binary ionic compounds In the chemical formula for any ionic compound, the symbol of the cation is always written first, followed by the symbol of the anion. Subscripts, which are small numbers to the lower right of a symbol, represent the number of ions of each element in an ionic compound. If no subscript is written, it is assumed to be one. You can use oxidation numbers to write formulas for ionic compounds. Recall that ionic compounds have no charge. If you add the oxidation number of each ion multiplied by the number of these ions in a formula unit, the total must be zero. 

Even nature produced such a weapon in the bombardier beetle, which combines two chemicals that actually combust, creating a poison gas when the beetle is attacked. One recent possible example of a naturally occurring binary compound could be the dinoflagellate, Pfiesteria piscicida, of the Neuse River in North Carolina. This microorganism has been around for a long time but apparently only reaches its most toxic state in water that has hog or chicken manure contamination, though the precise chemical formula has not yet been discovered. Most probably, the pollution from manure or possibly from other farm chemicals adds an organophosphate structure to the less toxic compound. 

Name or write chemical formulas for binary inorganic compounds and for acids. (Section 2.8)... 

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