Pfiesteria piscicida

Even a single HAB episode can be extremely costly. In Maryland in 1997, reported eases of human disease associated with exposure to water containing Pfiesteria piscicida cost the seafood industry alone an estimated 46 million in lost revenue (Anderson et al., 2000). Lewis (1986) found that CFP in the South Paeifie depressed both the local and export fishing industries, affected tourism, and indirectly affected human health (because people avoided eating fresh fish). 

Burkholder, J. M., and H. B. Glasgow Pfiesteria piscicida and other Pfiesteria-like dinoflag-ellates Behavior, impacts, and environmental controls. Limnol. Oceanogr. 42 1052-1075, 1997. 

Grattan, L.M., Oldach, D., and Morris, J.G., Human health risks of exposure to Pfiesteria piscicida, Bioscience, October 1, 2001, p. 853. 

FIGURE 33.1 Scanning electron micrographs of Pfiesteria piscicida and Kariodinium veneficum isolated from the 1997 Pocomoke fishkill in Maryland. The characteristic apical pore in K. veneficum is readily apparent as is the thecate structure for Pfiesteria piscicida. (Images provided by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission.)... 

Comparison of Morphological Differences between Pseudopfiesteria shumwayae and Pfiesteria piscicida... 

FIGURE 33.8 Activation of pCRE-Luc cell lines to culture media from recent isolates of Pfiesteria piscicida. The cell densities in all exposures were 1 x 10 cell/mL. 

Levin, E.D. et al., Pfiesteria toxin and learning performance, Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 21, 215, 1999. Levin, E.D. et al.. Rapid neurobehavioral analysis of Pfiesteria piscicida effects in juvenile and adult rats, Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 22, 533, 2000. 

Litaker, R.W. et al.. Life cycle of the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida (Dinophyceae). J. Phycol. 38, 442, 2002. 

Marshall, H.G. et al.. Comparative culture and toxicity studies between the toxic dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida and a morphologically similar cryptoperidiniopsoid dinoflagellate, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 255, 51, 2000. 

Moeller, P.D.R. et al.. Metal complexes and free radical toxins produced by Pfiesteria piscicida. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007. 

Grattan, L.M., Current status and future directions for the investigation and management of the human health effects of exposure to Pfiesteria piscicida or Pfiesteria-hke dinoflagellates, Md Med. J. 47, 148, 1998. 

Oldach, D.W. et al.. Heteroduplex mobility assay-guided sequence discovery elucidation of the small subunit (18S) rDNA sequences of Pfiesteria piscicida and related dinoflagellates from complex algal culture and environmental sample DNA pools, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 4303, 2000. 

Rublee, RA. et al.. Detection of the Dinozoans Pfiesteria piscicida and P. shumwayae a review of detection methods and geographic distribution, J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 52, 83, 2005. 

Parrow, M.W. and Burkholder, J.M., The sexual life cycles of Pfiesteria piscicida and cryptoperidin-iopsoids (Dinophyceae), J. Phycol. 40, 664, 2004. 

Burkholder, J.M. and Glasgow, H.B., The life cycle and toxicity of Pfiesteria piscicida revisited, J. Phycol. 38, 1261, 2002. 

Gilbert, P.M. et al.. Direct uptake of nitrogen by Pfiesteria piscicida and Pfiesteria shumwayae, and nitrogen nutritional preferences. Harmful Algae 5, 380, 2006. 

Saito, K. et al.. Effect of biotic and abiotic factors on in vitro proliferation, encystment, and excystment of Pfiesteria piscicida, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73, 6410, 2007. 

Fairey, E.R. et aL, Reporter gene assay for fish-killing activity produced by Pfiesteria piscicida. Environ. Health. Perspect. 107, 711, 1999. 

Moeller, P.D. et al.. Current progress in isolation and characterization of toxins isolated from Pfiesteria piscicida. Environ. Health Perspect. 109 (Suppl 5), 739, 2001. 

Levin, E.D. et aL, Learning impairment caused by a toxin produced by Pfiesteria piscicida infused into the hippocampus of rats, Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 25, 419, 2003. 

Kaiser, J., Microbiology. The science of Pfiesteria elusive, subtle, and toxic. Science 298, 346, 2002. Kaiser, J., Microbiology. The Pfiesteria conundrum more study, less certainty. Science 303, 25, 2004. Levin, E.D., A rat model of the cognitive impairment from Pfiesteria piscicida exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 109 (Suppl 5), 757, 2001. 

El-Nabawi, A. et al.. The A-methyl-D-aspartate neurotransmitter receptor is a mammalian brain target for the dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida toxin, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 169, 84, 2000. 

Alavi, M.R., Predator/prey interaction between Pfiesteria piscicida and Rhodomonas mediated by a marine alpha proteobacterium, Microb. Ecol. 47, 48, 2004. 

Saito, K. et aL, Characterization of the rRNA locns of Pfiesteria piscicida and development of standard and qnantitative PCR-based detection assays targeted to the nontranscribed spacer, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68, 5394, 2002. 

Bowers, H.A. et aL, Development of real-time PCR assays for rapid detection of Pfiesteria piscicida and related dinoflagellates, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66, 4641, 2000. 

Zhang, H. and Lin, S., Defection and qnantification of Pfiesteria piscicida by using the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68, 989, 2002. 

Coyne, K.J. et aL, Assessing temporal and spatial variabihty in Pfiesteria piscicida distributions nsing molecnlar techniqnes, A naf. Microb. Ecol. 24, 275, 2001. 

Rublee, P.A. et al., Pfiesteria piscicida and Pfiesteria shumwayae in coastal waters of Long Island, New York, USA, Harmful Algae 5, 374, 2006. 

Drgon, T. et al. Characterization of ichthyocidal activity of Pfiesteria piscicida dependence on the dinospore cell density, AppZ. Environ. Microbiol. 71, 519, 2005. 

Quesenberry, M.S. et al. Bioassay for ichthyocidal activity of Pfiesteria piscicida characterization of a culture flask assay format, J. Appl. Phycol. 14, 241, 2002. 

Springer, J.J. et al. Interactions between the toxic estuarine dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida and two species of bivalve molluscs, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 245,1, 2002. 

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