Chard

Dimethyl sulfoxide occurs widely at levels of <3 ppm. It has been isolated from spearmint oil, com, barley, malt, alfalfa, beets, cabbage, cucumbers, oats, onion, Swiss chard, tomatoes, raspberries, beer, coffee, milk, and tea (5). It is a common constituent of natural waters, and it occurs in seawater in the 2one of light penetration where it may represent a product of algal metaboHsm (6). Its occurrence in rainwater may result from oxidation of atmospheric dimethyl sulfide, which occurs as part of the natural transfer of sulfur of biological origin (7,8). 

We have a considerable body of knowledge to help us to say something about the third coefficient, the variation of fugacity with composition. Many empirical and semiempirical expressions (e.g., Margules, Van Laar, Scat-chard-Hildebrand) have been investigated toward that end. Most of our experience in this regard is limited to liquid mixture at low pressures, where... 

Ederer. HJ, Basedow AM, Ebert KH (1981) In Ebert KH, Deuf Chard P, Jager W (eds) Modelling of chemical reaction systems. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, p 197... 

In some extreme cases, third or even higher virial coefficient(s) may be necessary to adequately represent the data for example /c-carrageenan [90] and alginate [91]. In a further study on alginates, Straatman and Bor-chard [92] demonstrated excellent agreement between and B values ob-... 

Swiss chard, also known as foliage beet, silver beet, or perpetual beet, is mostly known as a green-white vegetable the colored cultivars are less widespread. 

Zakharova and co-workers studied a red variety in 1997 to gain a closer insight into its polyphenol oxidase activity. More recently, a study addressing the antioxidant properties of a red colored Swiss chard was published. However, the pigments were erroneously addressed as anthocyanins. 

Betalains have recently regained importance due to continuing interest in natural food colorants. Currently, red beet is the only food source commercially exploited, although amaranth, Swiss chard, yellow beet, and cactus fruit represent promising... 

Besides their interesting color application values, betalainic plants are also worthwhile from a nutritional standpoint. Research on this topic has recently been resumed with great scientific vigor in both in vitro and in vivo studies on red beets, amaranth, red-colored Swiss chard, red-violet pitahayas, and especially cactus pears. ° In the future, betalainic color crops will be benchmarked because of their pigment structure and quantity and also because of the individual and synergistic activities of their components such as colorless phenolics, amino compounds, peptides, proteins, and hydrocolloids. 

Pyo, Y.H. et al.. Antioxidant and phenolic compounds of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subspecies cycla) extracts. Food Chem., 85, 19, 2004. 

In a recently pnblished example of betaxanthin analyses in a complex food matrix, 19 betaxanthins were assigned in yellow Swiss chard petioles. Mass spectrometric measnrements are even more helpfnl if nnknown betacyanin structures are to be elucidated. While betacyanic plant materials such as red beet and amaranth may still be commercially available for coinjection experiments and comparison with samples under investigation, it may be an easier task to first optimize pigment separation followed by mass spectrometric measurements. 

Orchard BJ, WJ Doucette, JK Chard, B Bugbee (2000) Uptake of trichloroethylene by hybrid poplar trees grown hydroponically in flow-through plant growth chambers. Environ Toxicol Chem 19 895-903. 

Chard, J., Ferro, A.M., and Greene, J., Recent advances in phytoremediation of MTBE groundwater plumes, Contaminated Soil, Sediment and Water, Special Oxygenated Fuels Issue, Spring 2001, pp. 72-76. 

Single value charts are only used for special purposes, e.g. as original value chard for the determination of warning and control limits or, for data analysis of time series (Shumway [1988] Montgomery et al. [1990]). All the other types of charts are used relatively often and have their special advantages (Besterfield [1979] Montgomery [1985] Wheeler and Chambers [1990]). 

Figure 7.8. Swiss chard Cd concentrations as affected by chloride levels in soils (modified from Weggler-Beaton et al., 2000)...

Bingham F.T., Strong J.E., Sposito G. Influence of chloride salinity on cadmium uptake by Swiss chard. Soil Sci 1983 83 160-165. 

Chang A.C., Hyun H., Page A.L. Cadmium uptake for Swiss chard grown in composted sewage sludge treated field plots Plateau or time bomb J Environ Qual 1997 26 11-19. 

Mahler R.J., Bingham F.T., Page A.L. Cadmium-enriched sewage sludge application to acid and calcareous soils Effect on yield and cadmium uptake by lettuce and chard. J Environ Qual 1978 7 274-281. 

McLaughlin M.J., Andrew S.J., Smart M.K., Smolders E. Effects of sulfate on cadmium uptake by Swiss chard I. Effects of complexation and calcium competition in nutrient solutions. Plant Soil 1998a 202 211-216. 

Smolders E., McLaughlin M.J. Effect of soil solution chloride on cadmium availability to Swiss chard. Soil Sci Soc Am J 1996 60 1443-1447. 

Weggler-Beaton K., McLaughlin M.J., Graham R.D. Salinity increased cadmium uptke by wheat and Swiss chard from soil amended with biosolids. Aust J Soil Res 2000 38 37 15. 

Nasturtium officinale (watercress) Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris var. cicla (Swiss chard)... 

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