Characteristics of Raw Materials

Beneficiation (2,11,12,21—27) iavolves a process or series of processes whereby the chemical and/or physical properties and characteristics of raw materials are modified to render the raw material more processible. The extent of beneficiation is determined by a combination of the starting raw materials, the processiag scheme, the desired properties of the product, and economics. Powder cost iacreases with iacreased beneficiation consequently, low value-added clay raw materials used to produce iaexpensive stmctural clay products typically undergo a minimum of beneficiation, whereas higher value-added alumina powders undergo more extensive beneficiation. 

Comprehensive physicochemical characterization of any raw material is a crucial and multi-phased requirement for the selection and validation of that matter as a constituent of a product or part of the product development process (Morris et al., 1998). Such demand is especially important in the pharmaceutical industry because of the presence of several compounds assembled in a formulation, such as active substances and excipients, which highlights the importance of compatibility among them. Besides, variations in raw materials due to different sources, periods of extraction and various environmental factors may lead to failures in production and/or in the dosage form performance (Morris et al., 1998). Additionally, economic issues are also related to the need for investigating the physicochemical characteristics of raw materials since those features may determine the most adequate and low-cost material for specific procedures and dosage forms. 

The physicochemical characteristics of raw materials play an important role in content uniformity and bioavailability. Therefore, bioavailability of the drug over time must be thoroughly investigated before any significant changes are made. Once the physicochemical properties of drug substances (e.g., particle size of raw materials) can influence the availability and clinical effect of a product, the main characteristics of raw materials should be considered in a validation program. The... 

The physical characteristics, particularly the particle size of the drug substance, are very important for suspensions. As with topical products in which the drug is suspended, particles are usually very fine to micronized (to <25 microns). For syrup, elixir, or solution dosage forms in which there is nothing suspended, particle size and physical characteristics of raw materials are not that important. However, they can affect the rate of dissolution of such raw materials in the manufacturing process. Raw materials of a finer particle size may dissolve faster than those of a larger particle size when the product is compounded. 

LIMS are an important paperless enabler in the laboratory area which contains information regarding the quality and produrt characteristics of raw materials as well as intermediate and finished drug products. Users inside and outside the laboratory may typically access LIMS information. LIMS resemble in scope MES, as they support the operation directly in the daily work perspective and are prepared for direct interfacing with most common laboratory equipment and instruments. However, LIMS are a mature and well-defined category of systems, unlike the present situation with MES. 

Impacts of the nature of solvents and their quality on the physicochemical characteristics of raw materials and DP. 

The culture diversity found in Europe allows developing researches with different biological, chemical, and physical characteristics of raw materials. 

With this type of burner, a wide variety of raw materials, ranging from propane to naphtha, and heavier hydrocarbons containing 10—15 carbon atoms, can be used. In addition, the pecuhar characteristics of the different raw materials that can be used enable the simultaneous production of acetylene and ethylene (and heavier olefins) ia proportioas which can be varied within wide limits without requiring basic modifications of the burner. 

Addition Polymers. The most commonly referenced reaction of isocyanates iavolves their addition to polyhydroxyl, polyamine, or polycarboxyhc acid compounds to yield addition polymers. Due to the wide diversity of raw material characteristics and the broad range of functionahty, polyurethane polymers having a wide range of processiag and performance characteristics are available. 

Two keys to the future use of composite materials are (1) achieving lower raw material cost and (2) developing innovative fabrication techniques that are uniquely suited to the characteristics of composite materials. This duality of approaches is leading to considerable success with composite structures right now, but they also hold the key to the even wider use of composite materials in the future. Let s address the two keys individually. 

In our case, we define a formula as consisting of raw materials and/or other formulas. We develop a modelling procedure we call to determine formula characteristics from raw material properties, and give it the recursive property of being able to call itself when it encounters a formula used as a raw material. The procedures terminate when all formulas are resolved into basic raw materials. This terminating condition cannot be met if any formula contains a reference to itself, either directly or indirectly, through another formula. 

Each fruit has specific quantities and ratio of pectin, hemicelluloses and cellulose. These polysaccharides are important concerning enzymes activities required to produce juices and concentrates. Moreover, even if molecular weight and methylation degree of the pectin are specific for each fruit, during the fruit maturation, endogenous pectinases depolymerases and esterase are changing the pectin characteristics This broad variability of raw material makes difficult the standardisation of fruits processing. 

The effect of raw material variability on tablet production [2,30,31] and suggestions for improving tableting quality of starting materials [21] has been the subject of several publications. Table 3, which lists the characteristics of different sources of magnesium stearate, clearly illustrates the variability of this material [32]. Phadke and Eichorst have also confirmed that significant differences can exist between different sources, and even different lots, of magnesium stearate... 

Analyzing the collected existing data, including site characteristics, history of site (including disposal practices, disposal locations, disposed waste condition, waste degradations, storage of raw materials)... 

Person R C, McKenna D R, Ellebracht J W, Griffin D B, McKeith F K, Scanga J A, Beltk K E, Smith G C and Saveli J W (2005), Benchmarking value in pork supply chain processing and consumer characteristics of hams manufactured from different quality of raw materials , Meat Sci, 70, 91-97. 

Table 4 shows the typical ranges of black liquor constituents and characteristics of Kraft evaporator condensates. The composition of liquors may vary significantly, depending upon the type of raw material used. Inorganic constiments in black liquor are sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfate, sodium thiosulfate, sodium sulfide, sodium carbonate, and sodium chloride [11]. 

The concept biorefinery is discussed in the US National Research Council Report Biobased Industrial Products [4] and by Lynd et al. [7] in much detail. The basic idea is the processing of multiple renewable resources and the production of multiple products in a production complex. Another characteristic of biorefinery is the integration of thermal, chemical, biological and/or cataly-tical processes for an efficient and optimal processing and utilization of the raw materials. Technological, ecological and economic analysis and system design should be implemented to ensure an overall optimization of raw material conversion and product formation in a similar way as for oil refineries. 

The final costs are highly dependent upon site-specific conditions. Contributing factors to the final cost include the waste characteristics, including its physical form and chemical makeup the amount of pretreatment required transportation of raw materials to the site and treated materials from the site and other random factors such as health and safety requirements and regulatory factors (D150141, p. 7.100). 

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