Chaining concept

Mitchell, P., 1979. Keilin s re.spiratory chain concept and its chemiosmotic consequences. Science 206 1148-1159. 

Scarcely had the covalent chain concept of the structure of high polymers found root when theoretical chemists began to invade the field. In 1930 Kuhn o published the first application of the methods of statistics to a polymer problem he derived formulas expressing the molecular weight distribution in degraded cellulose on the assumption that splitting of interunit bonds occurs at random. 

These results strongly suggest that unstructured peptides have definite backbone conformations and that the concept of a denatured protein as a structureless random chain breaks down when backbone conformations of individual residues are described, although the random chain concept may still be useful when describing the overall chain conformation. 

Porter s value chain is one basis for the development of the supply chain. The term supply chain was created by consultant Keith Oliver in 1982 according to Heckmann et al. (2003). Compared to the company-internal focus of Porter s value chain, the supply chain extends the scope towards intra-company material and information flows from raw materials to the end-consumer reflected in the definition of Christopher (1992) a supply chain is a network of organizations that are involved through upstream and downstream linkages in different processes and activities that product value in the form of products and services in the hand of the ultimate consumer . Core ideas of the supply chain concept are ... 

Concluding, the supply chain and supply chain network concept extends Porter s value chain concept towards cross-company networks in order to improve efficiency and delivery service, minimize costs and inventories... 

In market economies, however, companies are confronted with competition when selling to customers and they use the market competition when purchasing from suppliers. On the other hand, market constellations can change, when many customers compete for limited resources or raw materials provided by few large suppliers. In these situations, prices, values as well as ensured profitability within each company are decisive for the sustainable survival of the business. While the supply chain emphasizes the supply aspects including ensured supply and availability (Corsten 2001, p. 94), an essence of Porter s value chain underlining the value focus and the supply chain concept is required as basis for the study. 

Fredga was doubtlessly referring to the conflict between the advocates of the association theory and those who supported the long chain concept. The conflict of ideas came to a head in the period 1925 to 1930. In this period the respective protagonists presented their ideas in two important conferences and several decisive papers. By the end of this period resistance to the macromolecular viewpoint was reduced to a few holdouts, but resolution of the facts, as Fredga indicated, did not come easily. 

As a result of his studies, he restated and extended the concepts of Staudinger, and Meyer and Mark, with such careful reasoning and massive documentation that by his death the chain concept was accepted without further criticism (86). 

The factors controlling the mechanical behavior of polymer-coupling agent-metal oxide systems have been discussed in terms of the weakest link in a chain concept. Determination of the locus of failure and thus the weak link is not usually reliable by visual inspection, and surface roughness can cause misleading spectroscopic results if failure is near an interface. 

Lyotropic liquid crystalline phases had been utilized technically for a long time before their structures were known. A milestone in the elucidation of their structure was the introduction of the liquid chain concept. In 1958, on the basis of evidence from IR spectroscopy, Chapman pro-... 

Katz demonstrates by X-ray diffraction that natural rubber is amorphous in the relaxed state and crystalline upon stretching Meyer and Mark show that the crystallographic and the chemical evidence for the chain concept are in agreement... 

Simchi-Levi, D., Kaminsky, P., and Simchi-Levi, E. (2000). Designing and Managing the Supply Chain. Concepts, Strategies, and Case Studies. Irwin/McGraw-Hill, Boston. 

Figure 5.41. The energy amplifier fuel chain concept. The fraction of the generated electricity that has to be used for powering the accelerator is indicated. The reprocessing step is essential for the resource viability of the system. (From C. Rubbia and J. Rubio (1996). A tentative programme towards a full scale energy amplifier. European Organisation for Nuclear Research. Used with permission).

The "farther" and "nearer" halogens would have varied precipitation abilities with AgNOs. He continued the chain concept to include anionic groups such as chloride, cyanide-, and nitro-, as follows ... 

Figure 4 Events-chain concept maps show the order of steps in a process or event. This concept map shows how a sound makes an echo.

Mitchell. P. 1979. Keilin s respiratory chain concept and its chemios-motic consequences.. Snence 206 1148- 1159. 

Mitchell, P., Keilin s Respiratory Chain Concept and Its Chemiosmotic Consequences, Science, 206 1148-1159, 1979. 

The fundamental concept of molecular chains of cellulose extending along the direction of microfibrils, to form crystalline and amorphous or paracrystalline regions, was well accepted and set the trend for interpretation of all relevant data. However, folded-chain conformations have since been advocated as a strong possibility. Also, several other models based on the extended-chain concept have been proposed in order to define better the distribution of crystallites and the disposition of the molecular chain within the microfibrils. 

Mitchell, P. Keilin s Respiratory Chain Concept and Its Chemiosmotic Consequences. Science 206, 1148-1159 (1979). [A Nobel Prize lecture by the scientist who first proposed the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis.]... 

The trend for companies to focus on core competencies has forced enterprises to collaborate closely with their suppliers as well as with their customers to improve business performance (Lutz et al. 1999). The next step in the supply chain concept is the production or supply networks (Figure 15), which are characterized by intensive communication between the partners. TTie aim of the system is to allocate among the collaborating partners the excess in production demand that could not be faced by one of them alone. This capability provides the entire network with the necessary flexibility to respond quickly to peaks in demand for the products. A tool developed at the Institute of Production Systems at Hanover University, the FAS/net, employs basic methods of production logistics to provide procedures for the efficient use of capacity redundancies in a production network. The tool satisfies the following requirements derived from the capacity subcontracting process ... 

In Chapter 2 we will define the snpply chain and the companies involved, and show several examples. In addition, we will discuss the development and effective use of process mapping. A complete supply chain and process map of a specific organization will be presented in order to introduce the supply chain concept. This will help identify who the players might be for your organization. 

The Doi-Edwards theory was built on the primitive chain concept which is defined by Eq. (8.3). Its relation with the key physical quantities can be summarized in the following equations ... 

A structured and integrated framework companies can use to assess their supply chain in light of Demand Driven Supply Chain concepts. 

On the other hand, the supply chain is also operational, because the end-to-end supply chain concept has to work in practice, and this is all about getting supply chain thinking and skill-sets into every level of management and supervision, and into execution in every business function, in every player in the value chain. The drive for change needs to come from the top senior management, and the leadership of change to convert supply chain thinking into operational practice, must be taken up as a boardroom responsibility. 

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