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Barone FC, Irving FA, Ray AM, Lee JC, Kassis S, Kumar S, Badger AM, White RF, McVey Ml, Legos JJ, Erhardt JA, Nelson AH, Ohlstein EH, Hunter AJ, Ward K, Smith BR, Adtuns JL, Parsons AA (2001) SB 239063, a second-generation p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, reduces brain injury and neurological deficits in cerebral focal ischemia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 296 312-321... 

A M. Romanic, R. F. White, A. J. Arleth, E. H. Ohistein, and F. C. Barone, Matrix Metallc roteinase Expression Increases After Cerebral Focal Ischemia in Rats, Stroke, 29 (1998) 1020 -1030. 

PEG-Hb (bovine) stored in the carboxy state has also been used with success in treating cerebral focal ischemia [48]. 

Pignataro G, Gala R, Cuomo O et al (2004) Two sodium/ calcium exchanger gene products, NCX1 andNCX3, play a major role in the development of permanent focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 35 2566-2570... 

The terms convulsion and seizure are often used interchangeably and basically have the same meaning. A seizure may be defined as a periodic attack of disturbed cerebral function. A seizure may also be described as an abnormal disturbance in the electrical activity in one or more areas of the brain. Seizures may be classified as partial (focal) or generalized. Each different type of seizure disorder is characterized by a specific pattern of events, as well as a different pattern of motor or sensory manifestation. 

Ereret T, Valable S, Chazalviel L, Saulnier R, Mackenzie ET, Petit E, Bemaudin M, Boulouard M, Schumann-Bard P. Delayed administration of deferoxamine reduces brain damage and promotes functional recovery after transient focal cerebral iscbemia in tbe rat. Eur J Neurosci 2006 23 1757-1765. 

Belayev L, Pinard E, Nallet H, Seylaz J, Liu Y, Riyamongkol P, Zhao W, Busto R, Ginsberg MD. Albumin therapy of transient focal cerebral ischemia in vivo analysis of dynamic microvascular responses. Stroke 2002 33 1077-1084. 

Marinov MB, Harbaugh KS, Hoopes PJ, Pikus HI, Harbaugh RE. Neuroprotective effects of preischemia intraarterial magnesium sulfate in reversible focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurosurg 1996 85 117-124. 

Du C, Hu R, Csemansky CA, Liu XZ, Hsu CY, Choi DW. Additive neuroprotective effects of dextrorphan and cycloheximide in rats subjected to transient focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 1996 718 233-236. 

Ma J, Endres M, Moskowitz MA. Synergistic effects of caspase inhibitors and mk-801 in brain injury after transient focal cerebral ischaemia in mice. Br J Pharmacol 1998 124 756-762. 

Asahi M, Asahi K, Wang X, Lo EH. Reduction of tissue plasminogen activator-induced hemorrhage and brain injury by free radical spin trapping after embolic focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2000 20 452 57. 

Yang Y, Li Q, Shuaib A. Enhanced neuroprotection and reduced hemorrhagic incidence in focal cerebral ischemia of rat by low dose combination therapy of urokinase and topiramate. Neuropharmacology 2000 39 881-888. 

Veltkamp R, Warner DS, Domoki F, Brinkhous AD, Toole JF, Busija DW. Hyperbaric oxygen decreases infarct size and behavioral deficit after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res 2000 853 68-73. 

Schabitz WR, Schade H, Heiland S, Kollmar R, Bardutzky J, Henninger N, Muller H, Carl U, Toyokuni S, Sommer C, Schwab S. Neuroprotection by hyperbaric oxygenation after experimental focal cerebral ischemia monitored by mr-imaging. Stroke 2004 35 1175-1179. 

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Singhal AB, Wang X, Sumii T, Mori T, Lo EH. Effects of normobaric h3fperoxia in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002 22 861 868. 

Liu S, Shi H, Liu W, Eumichi T, Timmins GS, Liu KJ. Interstitial po2 in ischemic penumbra and core are differentially affected following transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004 24 343-349. 

Kim HY, Singhal AB, Lo EH. Normobaric hyperoxia extends the reperfusion window in focal cerebral ischemia. Ann Neurol 2005 57 571-575. 

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Morimoto T, Ginsberg MD, Deitrich WD, Zhao W. Hyperthermia enhances spectrin breakdown in transient focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 1997 746(l-2) 43-51. 

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Table 5.1 Effects of compound 231617 on infarct volume in the middle cerebral occlusion model of focal stroke...

Ebselen is a seleno-oiganic that mimics glutathione peroxidase and inhibits iron-stimulated lipid peroxidation. It significandy reduced both inferct size and oedema progression in the middle cerebral artery exclusion (MCAO) focal model of stroke in tats (Matsui et al. 1990). Ebselen has also been shown to be an effective anti-inflammatory agent in a H202-dependent inflammation model in tats (Parnham 1991). 

Buisson, A., Margaill, L, Callebert, J., Plotkine, M. and Boulu, R.G. (1993). Mechanism involved in the neuroprotective activity of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor during focal cerebral ischemia. J. Neurochem. 61, 690-696. 

Imaizumi, S., Woolworth, V., Fishman, R.A. and Chan, P.H. (1989). Superoxide dismutase activities and their role in focal cerebral ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 9, S217. 

Kinouchi, H., Epstein, C.J., Mizui, T., Carlson, E., Chen, S. and Chan, P. (1991). Attenuation of focal cerebral ischemic injury in transgenic mice overexpressing Cu Zn SOD. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88, 11158-11162. 

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